AGRfC. 
LIBRARY 


m 


THE  HEREDITY  OF 

Dual  Purpose  Cattle 

A  Study  in  Farm  Economics 
Based  on  Red  Polled  Records 
From  1808  to  1915  A* 


DEMOCRAT  PRESS 
RICHLAND  CENTER 
WISCONSIN 


AGRIC. 
LIBBARY 


COPYRIGHTED  BY 

RED  POLLED  CATTLE  CLUB  OF  AMERICA 
NINETEEN  EIGHTEEN 


HENRY  F.  EUREN 
Founder  of  the  Red  Polled  Herd  Book 

Owner  15  Years;  25  Years  Editor 


THE  RED  POLLED  CATTLE  CLUB 

OF  AMERICA 
FOUNDED  NOVEMBER  24,  1883 

[DDE] 

THE  RED  POLLED  SOCIETY 

OF  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND 

FOUNDED  APRIL  21,  1888 


PREFACE 


The  fact  that  full  particulars  of  the  formation  and  development 
of  a  new  breed  of  cattle  in  the  last  century  are  yet  available  is  my 
apology  for  presenting  the  following  essay  on  the  Heredity  of  Dual 
Purpose  Cattle  as  illustrated  by  the  Eed  Polled.  In  preparing  the 
facts  and  figures  which  are  set  forth  in  the  narrative,  I  have  been 
fortunate  in  working  upon  a  system  of  registration  of  pedigree  unlike 
any  form  that  existed  before  the  year  1874.  The  plan  was  feasible 
from  the  fact  that  the  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  Polled  Cattle  were  not 
being  bred  outside  the  borders  of  the  two  counties.  Also  that  it  was 
possible  to  glean  evidence  from  men  who  had  both  seen  and  aided 
in  the  interfusion  of  the  old  variety  and  the  new;  that  had  been  skil- 
fully evolved  from  the  mixture  of  two  types  of  cattle  that  had  existed 
in  Norfolk  from  the  olden  time. 

That  the  new  variety  has  won  a  permanent  place  in  the  world 
is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  while  in  1874  there  were  only  four  Red 
Polled  Cattle  in  America,  and  these  imported  in  the  previous  Decem- 
ber, the  issue  of  the  American  edition  of  the  Herd  Book,  which  con- 
tains names,  number,  and  pedigree  of  the  cattle  born  in  the  year 
ending  December  31st,  1915,  contains  the  register  of  Bulls  27083  to 
28851,  of  Cows  40265  to  42651.  At  the  close  of  the  year  1889  there 
were  132  bulls  and  276  cows.  In  the  following  three  years,  when 
American  breeders  had  begun  a  co-operation  of  registration  with  the 
British,  the  number  had  been  increased  by  849  bulls  and  996  cows. 
Of  the  total  register  in  Vols.  7  to  18,  the  American  registry  was  some 
7,500  bulls  and  9,000  cows.  The  Red  Polled  Cattle  Club  of  America 
had  its  separate  register  as  from  January,  1901,  opening  with  the 
bull  register  number  8909,  cow  register  number  17878.  There  has 
thus  been  an  increase  in  the  last  fifteen  years  of  Red  Polled  Cattle 
in  use  in  the  United  States  (a  very  few  only  in  the  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada):  Bulls  19,943,  cows,  24,774. 

Professor  C.  H.  Eckles,  of  Missouri,  in  his  book  on  "Dairy  Cattle 
and  Milk  Production,"  says  of  the  Red  Polled  in  America: — 

"They  have  won  their  way  entirely  by  their  merits,  and 
are  increasing  rapidly  in  those  States  where  dual-purpose 
cattle  are  in  demand.  They  are  the  most  typical  and  most 
popular  of  the  re'al  dual-purpose  breeds." 

Further  evidence  of  the  practical  value  of  the  breed  as  it  has 
spread  abroad  in  the  United  States  is  seen  in  the  pages  now  laid  be- 
fore the  student  of  Farm  Economics.  The  Cattle  Club  Directors,  being 


informed  that  I  was  preparing  an  essay  on  the  progressive  develop- 
ment of  the  breed  in  its  several  aspects,  readily  assented  to  the  Club's 
aiding  its  issue,  in  print — a  resolution  for  which  I  most  heartily  thank 
them. 


Four  and  twenty  years  ago  it  needed  a  protest,  through  an  in- 
fluential live  stock  journal,  to  compel  an  American  official  to  do  jus- 
tice. A  few  men  had  sent  their  Red  Polled  cattle  to  Chicago  to  com- 
pete in  a  Farmer's  Cow  class.  The  upholders  of  some  other  breeds 
manifestly  sought  to  kill  rivalry,  and  hoped  to  do  so  by  ignoring  the 
new-comers.  But  the  truth  had  to  be  made  known  from  the  "misplaced" 
papers  on  which  was  the  noting  of  points  by  the  judges.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  the  trick  was  more  cleverly  arranged.  And  from  the 
year  1903  there  has  been  no  Farmer's  Cow  class.  That  "taboo"  was 
the  determination  would  seem  to  be  evidenced  by  records  of  tests 
and  experimental  trials  made  in  the  United  States  and  in  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada.  But  the  couple  of  sentences  quoted  above,  from  Prof. 
Eckles,  show  that  the  lowly  men  who  knew  their  business  have  held 
on  their  way,  and  have  won  in  the  contest.  The  Jean  Du  Luth  Farm 
managers  have  also  set  a  much-needed  example  by  their  resolve,  as 
from  Jan.,  1911,  to  make  whole-herd  records,  and  to  systematize  the 
teats  for  Advanced  Registry.  It  is  an  unquestionable  fact  that  the 
Red  Polled  has  come  to  stay,  with  Dual-Purpose  written  on  the  breed's 
banners.  So  much  for  America. 

On  this  side  the  Atlantic  one  regrets  to  say  there  has  been  much 
less  determination  to  uphold  a  good  cause.  From  the  year  1891 — 
three  years  after  the  Red  Polled  Society  was  formed  and  acquired 
the  Herd  Book — the  Council,  recognizing  that  the  inherited  qualities 
of  the  cow  as  a  milk  and  butter  producer  was  a  matter  of  great  im- 
portance in  the  selection  of  a  bull,  not  only  printed  the  milk  records 
without  any  charge  to  the  owner  of  the  herd,  but  also  issued  separately 
the  pages  containing  the  records,  with  live  weights  of  fatted  steers 
and  heifers,  as  the  best  means  of  advertising  the  merits  of  the  Red 
Polled.  This  was  the  practice  until  the  close  of  the  1907  record.  For 
some  time  past,  however,  an  advertising  rate  has  been  charged  for 
the  publication  of  the  year's  milk;  and  there  is  no  record  of  the  live 
weights  of  cattle  at  the  Norwich  and  Smithfield  Club  shows.  "Dublin 
Castle"  controllers  of  aided  agriculture  in  Ireland  have  from  the  be- 
ginning of  their  muddling  not  cared  to  know  of  the  existence  of  the 
Red  Polled.  A  Co.  Mayo  breeder  quoted  in  this  essay  has  made  that 
plain.  English  officialism  has  copied  "Dublin  Castle."  It  knows  noth- 
ing of  the  facts  and  figures  which  are  presumably  the  base  of  a  farm 
economy  that  is  to  be  an  advantage  to  the  community  as  well  as  a 
profit  to  the  land  cultivator.  It  has  refused  tp  acknowledge  the  "Red 
Poll"  Society  when  it  asked  to  have  its  30  years  old  systematic  milk 
recording  recognized,  as  it  recognizes  much  more  recent  and  less 
complete  plans.  And  by  other  devices  there  would  seem  to  be  an 
endeavor  to  foster  the  interests  of  a  section  at  the  cost  of  the  mass, 


in  the  expectation  thereby  to  do  for  the  Red  Polled  breed  what  has 
been  done  for  the  Yorkshire  Polled,  the  Irish  Polled,  and  other  va- 
rieties of  cattle  which  were  doing  good  service  before  the  Shorthorn 
was  in  existence. 

I  ask  the  consent  of  my  readers  to  a  challenge  of  an  impartial 
investigation  of  my  assertion  that  the  battalion  of  Facts  and  Figures 
drawn  up  in  their  varied  ranks  in  this  essay  uphold  the  declaration 
of  the  Missouri  professor  that  the  Red  Polled  cattle  are  "The  most 
typical  of  the  Real  Dual  Purpose  Breeds." 

Red  Polled  Cattle  have  been  exported  to  South  America,  South 
Africa,  Australia,  and  to  other  distant  lands,  while  at  home  they 
are  extending  the  area  of  their  influence. 


It  has  been  my  aim  in  presenting  the  long  array  of  Milk  Records 
to  show  what  progress  has  been  made  in  a  section  of  Farm  Economics 
which  has  been  well-nigh  neglected.  An  endeavor  to  create  a  sen- 
sation, by  publishing  a  big  record  made  in  a  year,  has  been  all  too 
common  a  fault,  and  the  principles  of  evolution  have  been  almost 
forgotten.  Where  I  have  set  down  an  average  of  yields,  the  annual 
total  yields  have  varied  but  little  during  the  period  named;  excep- 
tional returns  being  quoted  apart,  and  not  included  for  the  making 
of  a  heavy  average.  In  all  cases  the  number  of  days  when  milk  was 
yielded  is  stated  within  parentheses,  so  that  the  duration  of  the  lac- 
tation period  can  be  known.  As  evidence  that  a  record  of  one  day's 
milk  yield  in  each  week,  carried  on  during  the  days  of  lactation,  will 
approximate  to  the  year's  record,  I  have  given  in  full  the  daily  yield 
in  1882-3  of  the  young  cow  1451  Davy  27— HI.  That  the  hardly  less 
important  recording  of  butter-fat  contents  may  be  truly  estimated 
by  a  couple  of  brief  trials  the  Vermont  Experimental  Station  has 
demonstrated.  Its  conclusions  are  quoted  in  the  supplementary  pages 
of  the  essay.  A  photo-snapshot  of  the  fully  developed  cow,  kept  for  use, 
should  complete  the  breeder's  knowledge  whether  there  is  progress, 
or  a  standstill,  which  means  loss  of  capital. 

The  not  .less  important  question — from  the  view  of  the  believer 
in  Farm  Economics — of  the  cost  of  food  consumed  has  been  under 
examination  and  test  for  many  years  at  American  University  Experi- 
ment stations.  At  the  Minnesota  Station  such  work  has  been  carried 
on  from  1893.  The  bulletins  unfortunately,  ignore  the  Dual-Purpose 
cow.  Possibly  it  will  now  have  its  turn.  Then,  there  should  be 
a  good  practical  manual  made  ready  for  the  British  farmer.  I  have 
in  a  supplement  to  the  essay,  tried  to  cast  some  light  on  the  food 
question  by  re-printing  results  which  were  the  outcome  of  the  Buffalo 
Pan-American  Exposition  Six  Months  Test  in  1901.  Averages  of  each 
of  the  ten  breeds  were  quoted  at  the  time.  But  for  a  knowledge  of 
what  the  test  really  meant,  I  have  given  the  return  by  each  of  the 
fifty  cows:  Fifteen  dual-purpose  cows,  twenty  generally  recognized 
as  dairy  cows,  and  fifteen  localized  as  such. 


My  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  R.  Harvey-Mason,  of  Necton  Hall; 
Mr.  C.  F.  Newton,  of  Saham  Toney,  Norfolk;  Mr.  J.  B.  Chevallier, 
of  Aspall  Hall,  Suffolk;  Mr.  Fraser  Meadows,  Thornville,  Co.  Wex- 
ford;  Mr.  Ralph  E.  Macan,  Agent  at  Longford  Castle,  Wilts.,  and 
Mr.  G.  P.  Grout,  of  Duluth,  Minn.,  for  material  by  which  to  complete 
my  records.  My  detailed  list  of  Milk  Records,  and  my  Full  Pedigree 
tables  with  a  Breed  Analysis  of  each  of  the  Cows  and  Bulls  named 
there,  will  be  available  to  students  of  heredity  in  the  local  collection 
of  the  Norwich  Public  Library,  on  whose  shelves  is  a  complete  set  of 
the  United  Kingdom  Red  Polled  Herd  Book. 

Breeders  of  Red  Polled  Cattle  and  students  of  Farm  Economics 
can  hardly  fail  to  detect  an  inaccuracy  here  and  there  in  the  array 
of  figures  quoted  from  so  large  a  mass  of  detail  as  that  contained 
in  the  records  of  milk,  butter-fat  and  beef,  from  which  I  have  had  to 
glean  facts  and  figures.  There  has  been  a  triple  revise,  and  I  trust 
this,  my  striving  after  accuracy,  will  be  accepted  as  an  apology  for 
faults  discovered.  No  small  proportion  of  the  credit  for  a  clean  page 
is  due  to  Mr.  George  Abbs,  the  linotype  operator  and  mechanic,  in  the 
employ  of  the  "Norwich  Mercury"  Co.,  Ltd.,  who  has  striven  to  do 
his  best: — "Honor  to  whom  honor  is  due"  in  a  task  the  like  of  which 
few  men  are  called  on  to  undertake.  Henry  F.  Euren. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 


The  Inheritance  of  Dual 
Purpose  Cattle 


Before  there  is  a  consideration  of  the  modern  uses  of  cattle 
a  brief  statement  of  old-time  practice  may  not  be  out  of  place. 

James  E.  Thorold  Rogers,  some  time  M.  P.,  also  Professor  of 
Political  Economy  in  the  University  of  Oxford,  in  1866  began  publi- 
cation of  "The  History  of  Agriculture  and  Prices  in  England,"  facts 
and  figures  collected  from  records  extending  from  A.  D.  1258-9  to 
1702-3.  In  1884,  "Six  Centuries  of  Work  and  Wages:  The  History 
of  English  Labor,"  admirably  presented  these  researches  for  the  in- 
struction of  the  general  public.  His  lectures  on  England's  Economic 
History,  as  delivered  at  Oxford,  yet  more  fully  illustrated  what  it  is 
desirable  to  be  known  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  more  than  one 
branch  of  Farm  Economics. 

When  Rome  sought  and  ultimately  won  a  footing  in  England 
they  found  there  a  great  number  of  cattle.  Probably  they  were  being 
used  in  the  cultivation  of  land — as  was  yet  the  practice  when  the  19th 
century  opened.  It  is  on  record  that  Seneca,  the  philosopher,  when 
he  was  Nero's  helper  in  the  government  of  the  Roman  Empire,  en- 
ticed the  Eceni  and  others  of  the  Brythonic  folk  tilling  the  East 
Coast  lands,  to  "borrow  of  him  vast  sums  upon  fair  promises  of  easie 
loan,  and  for  repayment  to  take  their  own  time,  then  on  a  sudden 
compelling  them  to  pay  all  at  once  with  great  extortion."  This  may 
be  taken  as  an  illustration  of  the  hazards  which  were  the  portion  of 
the  worker  on  the  land  while  under  the  domination  of  Rome.  When 
the  Angeln  folk  took  possession  of  the  lands  the  natives  who  survived 
were  enslaved,  and  became  "landless  men."  The  new  settlers,  having 
somewhat  superior  cattle,  would  use  them  as  producers  of  milk,  but- 
iter,  and  cheese,  as  well  as  in  the  ploughing  of  their  land.  In  their 
turn,  the  English  lords,  when  degraded  by  their  Norman  conquerors, 
who  henceforth  ruled  the  peasantry,  increased  the  number  of  "land- 
less." Thorold  Rogers  says  farm  and  manor  accounts  are  numerous 
from  "about  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years  of  the  reign  of  Henry  III," 
and  the  handwriting  tells  the  expert  the  date  "within  a  few  years, 
whether  its  origin  be  Lancashire,  Kent,  Warwichshire,  Norfolk,  or 
Northumberland.  .  .  .  No  other  country  possesses  such  a  wealth 
of  public  records." 

We  thus  know  that  the  serf  had  the  use  of  some  12  acres  of  arable 
land  with  live  stock  thereon,  and  as  a  part  of  his  rent  had  to  till  at 
least  half  an  acre  of  his  lord's  land,  while  the  cottagers  were  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  year  free  laborers.  In  the  course  of  itime  these 
landless  folk  acquired  right  of  possession  to  the  use  of  the  lands  they 
cultivated,  and  to  the  keeping  of  their  cattle  on  the  unenclosed  lands 
— which  in  the  course  of  years  were  termed  common  lands.  Mr. 
Rogers  says: 


10  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

The  ox  was  kept  for  plough  and  draught,  a  few  were  kept  for  fatting,  but  I 
consider  that  the  amount  of  stock  regularly  fatted  for  the  table  was  a  very  small 
percentage  of  the  whole.  They  would  be  consumed  only  by  wealthy  nobles  and 
wealthy  corporations,  and  as  a  matter  of  fact,  fresh  beef  was  put  on  the  table  only 
for  a  few  months  in  the  year.  Much  was  killed  and  salted  in  November,  but  this 
beef  was  of  grass-fed  cattle.  The  ox,  quit  of  skin,  head  and  offal,  did  not  weigh 
on  an  average  more  than  400  pounds,  and  was  worth  about  11s.  to  sell.  There  was 
no  attempt  to  improve  the  breeds  of  cattle.  The  maintenance  of  the  bull  was  a 
necessity,  and  the  use  of  the  cow  was  for  the  dairy.  I  do  not  assert  that  there  were 
not  different  breeds,  but  I  am  sure  that  the  difference  was  in  the  size,  not  in  the 
quality  of  the  animals,  and  that  there  was  no  distinction  made  in  the  character 
of  the  breeds. 

There  was  hardly  a  sensible  difference  betiveen  these  old  rates 
at  which  farm  stock  was  sold  and  those  when  the  14th  century  closed. 
Dairy  products  were  a  little  cheaper.  In  the  course  of  time  sheep 
breeding  became  the  more  profitable  to  the  husbandman.  The  cot- 
tager found  his  advantage  in  his  cow  on  the  common  until  common 
lands  were  enclosed,  in  the  18th  and  early  part  of  the  19th  century, 
and  the  era  of  high  rents  and  low  wages  set  in. 

THE  NEW  DEVELOPMENT 

Dual  Purpose  is  a  modern  descriptive  term.  When  applied  to  a 
cow  it  is  expressive  of  her  inheritance  of  a  tendency  to  yield  milk 
that  has  a  fair  percentage  of  fat  as  a  constituent  of  its  solid  contents, 
and  an  equal  tendency  to  lay  on  flesh  when  fed  for  that  particular 
purpose.  It  would  seem  to  have  been  the  ideal  of  the  first  improvers 
of  the  Longhorn  Cattle  of  Derby — Sir  Thomas  Gresley  and  Mr.  Prin- 
cep.  Their  ideal  was  fairly  attained.  But  their  successor  in  the  work, 
the  famous  Robert  Bakewell,  of  Dishley,  Leicestershire,  sought  rather 
"the  qualifications  of  beauty  and  utility  of  form,  quality  of  flesh,  and 
aptitude  .to  fatten,"  neglecting  to  accompany  these  with  the  fostering 
of  the  equally  important  milk  inheritance.  Bakewell's  methods  of 
selection  and  in-breeding,  as  a  means  of  improving  cattle,  are  said  to 
have  been  attractive  to  the  brothers  Charles  and  Robert  Collins,  who 
applied  them  to  what  was  then  known  as  the  Teeswater  breed,  later 
as  Durhams,  after  Charles  Collins  had,  in  1783,  visited  Dishley.  Some 
twenty  years  later  Thomas  Booth,  of  Killerby,  and  Thomas  Bates, 
of  Kirklevington,  severally  continued  the  work  of  improving  the  Dur- 
ham, by  then  termed  the  Shorthorn.  Booth  held  to  the  Collins  ideal, 
Bates  preferred  that  of  the  dual  purpose.  At  the  same  time  John 
Reeve,  of  Wighton,  Norfolk,  began  his  work,  first  by  hybridisation 
and  then  by  selection,  practically  following  on  what  we  now  know 
as  the  Mendelian  law.  His  ideal  correponded  with  that  of  Bates,  but 
his  material  was  of  quite  another  type,  so  that  the  dual-purpose  cow 
would  seem  to  have  been  the  Reeve  ideal  from  the  outset.  Some  two 
years  before  he  retired  from  farming  he  selected  of  "Durham"  stock 
a  young  bull  and  five  cows.  He  may  have  desired  to  try  his  ideal  on 
this  variety  of  cattle,  but  he  could  not  carry  it  out,  for  they  were  sold 
with  his  other  live  stock  in  October,  1828.  Sir  Charles  Knightley,  at 
Fawsley,  held  to  the  dual-purpose  in  the  Shorthorn  herd  which  he  built 
up  in  thirty  years  from  about  1826,  attaining  "a  splendid  uniformity 
of  type  and  abundant  milking  properties."  Mr.  R.  W.  Hobbs,  of  Kelms- 
cott,  is  quoted  as  saying:  "I  consider  that  the  Shorthorn  should  be  a 
dual-purpose  cow;  that  is,  she  should  give  a  good  quantity  of  milk, 
and,  when  dry,  quickly  make  a  good  carcass  of  beef;  and  in  this  ca- 
pacity the  dairy  Shorthorn  is  excelled  by  no  other  breed." 

For  some  fifty  years  after  the  judges  for  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society,  in  1839,  set  what  they  deemed  to  be  the  standard  points  of 
Shorthorn  cows  and  heifers  that  were  competing  as  breeding  stock, 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  11 

the  tendency  was  in  the  direction  of  the  Booth  ideal.  Judging,  year 
by  year,  at  most  shows  was  thus  on  lines  that,  on  the  whole,  corres- 
ponded with  those  that  governed  awards  at  the  Smithfield  Club  an- 
nual shows.  In  many  herds,  where  fashion  did  n*  t  rule,  however,  the 
dual-purpose  was  upheld.  In  recent  years  it  has  been  more  in  favor, 
but  with  too  little  attention  to  the  fact  that  inherited  qualities  may 
not  be  notable  in  every  succeeding  generation.  "Like  begets  like"  is 
not  always  in  evidence.  The  miik  and  its  butter-fat  record  should 
therefore  be  the  rule  for  every  cow  in  the  herd.  This  was  the  rule 
in  Lord  Rothschild's  Shorthorn  herd  at  Tring  Park  from  1899,  when 
it  was  added  to  the  then  existing  herds  of  Jerseys  and  Red  Polled, 
where  milk  recording  had  been  maintained  from  October,  1891,  with 
published  lists  year  by  year.  Red  Polled  milk  records  of  each  cow's 
production  in  the  herd  began .  as  from  May  1st,  1886,  and 
continue  to  this  day.  Moreover,  as  will  be  seen  from  following  pages, 
there  has  been  such  a  form  of  registration  with  group  letters  and 
family  numbers  that  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  note  the  milk  inheritance, 
whether  it  be  through  the  dam  or  as  influenced  by  the  sire.  The  beef- 
making  aptitude  of  a  steer  or  heifer  may  be  as  systematically  noted 
by  the  percentage  of  increase  of  live  weight,  as  estimated  by  a  com- 
parison of  the  recorded  weight  of  the  same  animal  when  competing 
two  years  in  succession.  This  is  the  only  true  means  of  reckoning, 
since  the  live  weight  of  the  calf  usually  varies  according  to  the  breed 
of  the  dam  and  sire. 

The  qualities  of  beauty  and  utility  of  form,  of  respective  types 
and  breed  of  cattle,  can  now  be  seen  pictured  frequently,  for  the  public, 
by  photo  process,  and  comparative  estimates  be  determined.  The 
money  value  of  the  other  qualities  can  be  determined  by  the  net  profit 
of  milk  and  butter  sold,  when  the  cost  of  food  is  set  down,  or  by  the 
price  per  stone  (of  8  Ib.  or  14  lb.),  at  which  the  fatted  animal  is  bought 
by  the  trader  at  public  auction. 


JOHN  REEVE'S  IDEAL:  RED  POLLED  CATTLE. 

Just  one  hundred  and  ten  years  ago  a  tenant  on  the  Holkham 
Estate,  in  North  Norfolk,  began  to  experiment  on  the  hybridisation 
of  cattle.  John  Reeve,  a  man  then  in  his  prime,  had  held  Wheycurd 
Hall  Farm,  Wighton,  by  lease,  since  1786.  Thomas  William  Coke — 
"Coke  of  Holkham" — was  a  man  who  knew  and  valued  a  good  tenant, 
though  they  differed  in  opinion  in  regard  to  cattle  and  sheep.  John 
Reeve  was  one  who  evidenced  independence;  he  bred  neither  Devon 
cattle  nor  Southdown  sheep,  which  varieties  of  live  stock  Mr.  Coke 
held  to  be  the  most  suitable.  Yet  a  new  21 -year  lease  had  been  agreed 
on  in  1806.  Mr.  Coke,  at  the  Holkham  Sheep-Shearing  Dinner,  to  guests 
and  tenants,  presenting  John  Reeve  the  silver  cup  as  breeder  of  the 
best  Leicester  wether  said: — 

He  could  not  neglect  that  public  opportunity  of  returning  his  best  thanks  for 
the  attention  Mr.  Reeve  had  paid  to  the  improving  his  meadows  by  irrigation.  He 
wished  the  public  to  notice  that  Mr.  Reeve  had  expended  930  pounds  on  35  acres  of 
land  ;  that  he  (Mr.  Coke)  had  asked  him  if  he,  the  landlord,  should  pay  the  expense, 
and  fix  such  an  additional  rent  as  would  pi-ocure  him  a  fair  interest  for  that  ex- 
penditure ;  and  he  was  happy  to  assure  them  that  his  tenant  had  preferred  retain- 
ing the  land  without  any  advance  of  rent,  and  declared  that  he  would  soon  be  repaid 
the  whole  principal,  and  that  he  should  be  amply  rewarded,  in  having  made  that 
improvement,  by  the  extraordinary  increase  of  produce. 

Arthur  Young,  in  his  "General  View  of  the  Agriculture  of  Nor- 
folk" (1804)'  had  said  of  John  Reeve:— 


12  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

Every  idea  of  this  most  accurate  farmer  merits  much  attention  (p.  261).  Mr. 
Reeve's  farm  is  in  such  order  that  attention  should  be  paid  to  his  practice  and 
opinions  (p.  276).  He  may,  perhaps,  be  considered  as  prince  of  grass  land  im- 
provers: he  has  very  few  rivals  that  have  come  to  my  knowledge  (p.  375). 

John  Reeve  told  Young  that  "he  had  kept  a  large  dairy  of  cows," 
but  thought  them  "the  worst  stock  that  can  be  kept  on  a  farm,  as 
turnips  are  drawn  for  them  instead  of  being  fed  on  the  land,  and  more 
straw  is  eaten  by  them  instead  of  being  trodden  than  by  any  other 
stock."  It  is  also  evident  that  the  two  agriculurists  had  discussed 
the  relative  worth  not  only  of  Leicester  and  Southdown  sheep,  but 
also  of  varieties  of  cattle,  for  Arthur  Young  could  not  fail  to  tell 
Reeve  that  he  had 

viewed  a  dairy  at  Mileham,  Mr.  Carrington's,  the  only  one  left  in  the  country  of 
the  true  old  Norfolk  breed  of  cattle — middle-horned,  color  red,  in  some  not  much 
unlike  the  Devon  ;  as  loose  and  ill-made  as  bad  Suffolks. 

He  quoted  Marshall  as  "giving  a  much  more  favorable  idea  of 
those  cattle"  which  he  had  seen  in  northeast  Norfolk  in  1780-2.  It 
may  be  presumed  that  Reeve,  in  1804,  had  thus  learned  from  Young 
that,  within  a  few  miles,  he  might  yet  find  the  means  of  improving 
Norfolk  cattle,  rather  than  by  adopting  Devons  or  Durhams.  The 
Norfolk  Poll-book,  of  1806,  shows  Reeve  voting  as  "freeholder  and 
occupier"  at  Wighton;  in  that  of  1815  as  "John  Reeve,  gent.,  free- 
holder and  occupier;"  and  in  1837,  nine  years  after  he  had  retired 
from  farming,  as  yet  "freeholder  and  occupier"  at  Wighton. 

THE  MATERIAL 

East  Anglia,  the  name  applied  to  the  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  area, 
is  almost  an  island.  Its  cattle  thus  were,  down  t*>  ";he  early  years  of 
the  18th  century,  less  likely  to  be  a  mixture  of  breeds  than  in  most 
other  parts  of  the  Kingdom.  Moreover,  there  prevailed  a  strong 
feeling  of  antagonism  against  "off-comes"  (to  use  an  old  English  com- 
pound); and  even  fifty  years  ago  "come  from  the  shires"  was  an  ex- 
pression of  stout  opposition.  Cattle  which  were  supposed  to  be  de- 
scended from  old-time  farm  herds  were  termed  "Home-breds."  Jonn 
Lawrence,  a  Colchester  man,  who  had  farmed  near  Bury  St.  Edmund's, 
in  his  "General  Treatise  on  Cattle"  (1805,  2d  ed.  1809),  says:— 

NORFOLK  HOMEBREDS,  so  styled,  since  that  county,  from  its  great  im- 
provement in  cultivation,  has  ceased  to  be  much  of  a  breeding  one,  having  found  it 
generally  more  advantageous  to  purchase,  are  found,  nevertheless,  to  graze  earlier 
and  quicker  than  either  the  Scots  or  Welsh,  so  much  inuse  in  Norfolk :  and  no 
cattle  are  said  to  make  better  proof,  or  to  bear  a  higher  character  with  the  Smith- 
field  salesmen,  than  Norfolk  homebreds. 

Lawrence  would  seem  to  have  had  small  acquaintance  with  the 
notes  on  Norfolk  made  by  William  Marshall  thirty  years  earlier,  or 
his  evidence  on  "home-breds"  would  have  been  quoted.  Strange  to 
say,  David  Low,  in  his  voluminous  work  "On  the  Domesticated  Ani- 
mals of  the  British  Isles,"  is  just  as  silent;  though  he  was,  in  1845, 
"Professor  of  Agriculture  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh."  He  how- 
ever, proves  to  be  a  good  commentator  on  Marshall. 

That  the  northeastern  low-lying,  well-watered,  fertile  district  of 
Norfolk  was  settled  from  beyond  the  sea  long  before  Roman  adminis- 
tration had  ended  is  evidenced  by  "Danish  camps,"  to  protect  the 
settlers,  being  near  to  the  streams,  that  in  this  olden  time  were  navig- 
able by  "Viking"  ships.  It  is  thus  that  we  may  account  for  the  "true 
old  Norfolk  breed  of  cows"  which  Arthur  Young  saw  in  1804  in  Mid- 
Norfolk  and  at  Rainham,  this  last  being  a  cow  36  years  old,  of  which 
an  oil  painting  was  a  few  years  ago  yet  at  Rainham  Hall. 

"Mr.  Marshall,"  a  Yorkshireman  who  had  farmed  in  his  native 
county,  began  his  most  useful  career,  as  an  observant,  constantly 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  13 

enquiring  reporter  of  local  agricultural  details,  by  being  the  agent 
of  Col.  Harboard  on  the  Gunton  Estate -from  August,  1780,  to  Novem- 
ber, 1782.  In  Vol.  I  of  his  "Rural  Economy  of  Norfolk"  (1787),  he 
generalizes  the  knowledge  he  had  thus  acquired;  in  Vol.  II  he  recounts 
his  many  talks  with  East  Norfolk  farmers.  He  was  not  a  dweller  in 
the  county  long  enough  to  permit  of  his  inspecting  and  reporting  on 
other  districts.  Norwich  and  St.  Faith's — the  latter  place  on  the  oc- 
casion of  the  then  famous  cattle  fair — were  the  extent  of  his  move- 
ment outside  the  Eastern  Coast  area.  In  his  most  interesting  book 
he  says: — 

The  native  cattle  of  Norfolk  are  a  small,  hardy,  thriving  race,  fattening  as 
freely  and  finishing  as  highly  at  three  years  old  as  cattle  in  general  do  at  four  or  five. 
They  are  small-boned,  short-legged,  round-barrelled,  well-loined,  thin-thighed,  clean- 
chapped  ;  the  head,  in  general,  fine,  and  the  horns  clean,  middle-sized,  and  bent  upward ; 
the  favorite  color  a  blood-red,  with  a  white  or  mottled  face.  The  breed  of  Norfolk  is 
the  Herefordshire  breed  in  miniature.  ...  I  have  seen  Norfolk  spayed  heifers, 
sent  to  Smithfield,  as  well  as  laid  up,  and  as  full  in  their  points  as  Galloway  or 
Highland  "Scots"  usually  are;  and  if  the  London  butchers  be  judges  of  beef,  there 
are  no  better  fleshed  beasts  sent  to  Smithfield  Market. 

Professor  Low,  writing  of  the  Zetland  (Shetland)  Islands,  re- 
minds us  that  they  were  formerly  Norwegian;  and  that  the  inhabi- 
tants, who  were  essentially  Norwegian  until  the  17th  century,  spoke 
the  Norse  language.  Of  the  Shetland  live  stock  he  says: — 

The  cattle  are  distinctly  Norwegian  in  their  characters,  and  a  similar  race 
extends  to  Iceland.  They  are  small,  but  of  very  good  form  when  pure,  and  fatten 
with  great  quickness  when  carried  to  superior  pastures.  Their  horns  are  short, 
their  skin  soft,  and  their  flesh  is  equal  to  that  of  any  cattle  produced  in  the  British 
Islands.  .  .  .  The  cows  are  tolerably  good  milkers  .  .  and  in  this  respect  they 
agree  with  the  cattle  of  Jersey  and  the  islands  of  the  Channel  which  are  likewise 
believed  to  be  of  Norwegian  origin. 

The  East  Norfolk  settlers,  the  "by  folk,"  whose  place  names  and 
personal  names  abound  all  over  the  area,  we  may  assume  to  have 
been  Lachmanni,  whom  the  Irish  chroniclers  termed  "White  Danes" 
as  distinct  from  the  Danars — "Black  Danes,"  those  who  in  the  8th 
century  ravaged  our  lands. 

When  the  Romans  had  left  the  East  Anglian  area,  taking  with 
them  the  Brython  men-folk,  to  aid  them  in  their  struggles  for  power 
in  Gaul,  the  Lachmanni  must  have  taken  possession  of  the,  then  num- 
erous harbors  and  water-ways.  Place  names — Norwich,  Lowestoft, 
Dunwich,  Aldeburgh,  Ipswich,  and  others — record  it.  The  wooded, 
inland  districts  were  of  little  value  to  the  sea-rovers.  A  new  element 
entered,  after  the  Geotas  had  shown  that  they  could  master  the  Ro- 
mano-Brythons  and  settled  in  Kent.  The  Englen,  folk  who  dwelt  on 
what  was  little  better  than  a  waste  of  heather  and  sand,  in  what  we 
know  as  Schleswig,  were  not  addicted  to  sea-roving  and  land-fighting. 
They,  so  Bede  tells  us — and  he  lived  about  a  hundred  years  after,  in 
an  area  that  had  been  settled  by  Englen  folk — brought  over  their 
slaves,  their  cattle,  and  all  of  their  live  stock,  leaving  their  home  land 
without  any  living  thing,  and  so  it  remained  for  a  very  long  time. 
That  these  Englen  came  in  families,  one  after  the  other,  is  evident 
from  their  place-names,  "ing,"  denoting  a  family  settlement  with  its 
bordering  woodland,  "the  mark;"  "-ham"  denotes  the  later,  and  "-ton" 
the  latest  aggregation  of  families,  until  the  East  Coast  was  settled 
quite  up  to  the  Scoch  border.  Dr.  E.  A.  Freeman,  in  his  "Norman 
Conquest  of  England"  (Vol.  I,  App.  A.),  shows  that  the  Engl en-name 
became  the  one  name  for  the  whole  land,  that  which  had  been  mas- 
tered by  Geotas,  Seaxan  and  Frisan,  as  well  as  that  quietly  settled 
by  Englen-folk.  Hence  our  "England." 

The  earliest  settlers  must  have  taken  possession  of  the  woodland 
of  fairly  rich  soil,  which  extended  some  25  miles  westward  from  Dun- 


14  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

wich,  then  the  nearest  harbor;  that  old  port  is  now  covered  by  the  sea. 
The  self-contained  area,  separated  from  the  sea  by  the  sea-rovers' 
settlements,  became  a  famous  dairy  district  of  some  250  square  miles, 
known  as  High  Suffolk.  The  second  group  of  Englen  Migrants  would 
appear  to  have  entered  by  the,  then  wide  Yare  estuary,  and  taken 
possession  of  Mid-Norfolk,  a  woodland,  fertile  district  watered  by 
the  Wensum,  which  flows  through  Norwich.  Later  Englen  immigrants 
would  seem  to  have  taken  possession  of  Lincolnshire,  Yorkshire,  Dur- 
ham, and  Northumberland,  with  much  of  the  land  westward. 

As  to  the  cattle,  which  according  to  Bede,  the  Englen  brought 
across  the  North  Sea:  Herodotus  asserts  that  the  Scythians  had  in 
their  lands  cattle  without  horns,  because  of  the  cold,  and  Hippocrates 
says  the  Scythian  chariots  wrere  drawn  by  oxen  which  had  no  horns. 
The  Scythians,  it  is  said,  held  the  lands  from  the  northern  seas  to 
Hungary.  In  1869,  Prince  Leichtenstein  visited  Elmham,  in  Mid-Nor- 
folk, to  buy  Polled  cattle  with  which  to  Infuse  fresh  blood  into  the 
cattle  which  had  been  from  time  immemorial  on  his  Transylvania 
estate.  The  English  animals  were,  he  said,  like  those  cattle  in  polled 
character  and  color.  In  the  summer  of  1888  I  found  cattle  hornless, 
and  others  similar  to  those  which  Low  says  were  the  Shetlanders,  in 
equal  numbers  in  a  Norwegian  mountain  farmyard,  some  three  miles 
north  of  Stalheim.  They  had  that  morning  given  an  abundant  flow 
of  rich  milk,  and  the  herd  was  just  then  to  be  driven  to  the  saeter 
for  pasture.  In  1880  polled  cattle  were  seen  by  a  visitor  to  Iceland, 
which  was  settled  from  Norway  in  the  9th  century.  Photographs  of 
polled  cattle  were  sent  home  in  1884  by  American  consuls  as  repre- 
senting live  stock  existing  in  named  districts  of  northern  and  central 
Russia.  It  may  thus  be  fairly  asserted  that  the  Englen  folks'  cattle 
were  polled,  and  that  those  which  were  in  the  early  years  of  the  19th 
century  respectively  known  as  the  "Suffolk  polled,"  "Norfolk  polled," 
which  last  Lawrence  says  were  "a  most  excellent  breed,  carrying  vast 
"Northern  and  Yorkshire  polled,"  which  last  Lawrence  says  were  "a 
most  excellent  breed,  carrying  vast  substance,  and  of  great  size,"  and 
as  to  which  R.  W.  Dickson,  M.  D.,  in  his  "Improved  Live  Stock  and 
Cattle  Management"  (1825),  bears  similar  testimony,  adding  that 
such  polled  stock  were  to  be  found  as  far  south  as  Cambridge,  were 
descended  from  these  new-comers  of  the  '6th  century. 

William  Camden,  in  1589,  wrote,  in  Latin,  and  published  his  "Brit- 
tania."  It  was  Englished  in  1610  by  Dr.  Philemon  Holland.  Therein 
we  may  read: — 

Suffolk  has  a  fat  and  fertile  soil,  with  pastures  as  battable  for  grazing  and 
feeding  of  cattle:  and  great  store  of  cheeses  are  there  made,  which,  to  the  great 
commodity  of  the  inhabitants,  are  vented  into  all  parts  of  England,  nay,  into  Ger- 
mania,  France,  and  Spain  also,  as  Pantaleon,  the  Phisitian,  writeth,  who  stuck  not 
to  compare  these  of  ours  for  taste  both,  with  those  of  Placentia. 

John  Speed,  in  the  "Theatre  of  the  Empire  of  Great  Britain" 
(1611),  says:— 

The  commodities   of  this   shire  are  many   and  great,   whereof  the  chiefest  con- 
sist of  corn,  cattle,   pasturage     .     .     and  as  Abbo  Floricensis  hath  depainted     .     . 
above  600  years  since,  and  now  we  find  as  he  hath  said,  to  which  we  may  add  their 
gain  from  the  pail. 

Daniel  Defoe,  in  his  "Tour  through  the  Eastern  Counties  of  Eng- 
land" (1722),  says:— 

At  Woodbridge  begins  that  part  which  is  ordinarily  called  High  Suffolk,  which 
being  a  rich  soil,  is  for  a  long  tract  of  ground  wholly  employed  in  dairies,  and  then 
again  famous  for  the  best  butter  and  perhaps  the  worst  cheese  in  England.  The 
butter  is  barrelled,  or  often  pickled  in  small  casks,  and  sold,  not  in  London  only,  but 
I  have  known  a  firkin  of  Suffolk  butter  sent  to  the  West  Indies  and  brought  back 
to  England  again,  and  has  been  perfectly  good  and  sweet,  as  at.  first.  .  .  .  This 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  15 

part  of  England  is  also  remarkable  for  being  the  first  where  the  feeding  and  fat- 
tening of  cattle,  both  sheep  and  black  cattle  with  turnips,  was  first  practised  in 
England. 

Arthur  Young  having  come  into  possession  of  the  Bradfield  Hall 
Home  Farm  (six  miles  south  of  Bury  St.  Edmund's),  in  the  follow-, 
ing  January,  1786,  visited  Aspall  Hall,  the  home  of  the  Chevallier 
family,  to  make  a  close  inspection  of  dairy  farms  and  farming.  His 
"Minutes"  are  printed  in  Vol.  V,  "Annals  of  Agriculture.  They  relate 
to  twelve  of  the  twenty-nine  parishes  which  were  the  headquarters 
of  the  dairies  of  High  Suffolk.  He  says  of  the  polled  cattle: — 

The  points  they  generally  admire  here,  are  a  clean  throat,  with  little  dewlap  ; 
a  snake  head  ;  clean,  thin  legs,  and  short ;  a  springing  rib  and  large  carcass ;  a  good 
loin,  the  hip-bones  to  lie  square  and  even  ;  and  the  tail  to  rise  high  from  the  rump. 
In  respect  to  color  no  particular  rule,  except  an  idea  that  light  ones  indicate  ten- 
derness. In  size  a  preference  of-  small  cows. 

In  his  "General  View  of  the  Agriculture  of  Suffolk"  (1792)  he 
says:  "This  is  the  description  of  some  considerable  dairymen,"  and 
he  varies  it  in  some  particulars.  The  more  noteworthy  of  these, 
"udder  large,  loose,  and  creased  when  empty;  milk-veins  remarkably 
large,  and  rising  in  knotted  puffs  to  the  eye,"  are  notable  yet,  espec- 
ially in  the  detail  of  milk-veins.  "The  best  milkers  I  have  known 
have  either  been  red,  brindle,  or  yellowish  cream  colored" — the  old 
time  designation  of  this  last  was  "dun." 

Marshall's  analysis  of  the  form  of  the  Norfolk  "homebred"  ap- 
plied to  the  form  of  the  best  Norfolk  Polled  of  1860,  save  that  they 
were  hornless,  and  that  their  milk-veins  were  largely  developed.  Not 
a  few,  however,  were  too  high  on  the  leg,  with  an  uneven  carcase,  a 
narrow  loin,  and  the  backbone  ridged.  Young  noted  only  one  polled 
herd  in  his  Norfolk  "General  View,"  and  that  would  appear  to  have 
been  a  mixture  of  Suffolk  and  Scot,  as  it  came  from  Euston,  the  Duke 
of  Grafton's  seat.  Yet  Michaelmas  sale  advertisements  of  farm  stock 
— a  great  feature  in  an  agricultural  area — year  after  year,  from  1778, 
evidence  that  there  were  in  the  county  dairies  of  polled  cows.  Six 
such  herds  were,  sold  in  1802;  and  in  1804,  when  Young  was  taking 
his  "General  View,"  no  fewer  than  thirteen,  most  of  which  were  on 
farms  in  Mid-Norfolk.  Lord  Sondes'  Elmham  Estate  had  only  polled 
cattle.  They  had  been  the  favorite  "homebred"  for  nobody  knew 
how  long.  When  early  in  the  19th  centurey  he  came  to  Elmham, 
Lord  Sondes  asked  Mr:  Coke's  counsel  as  to  what  he  knew  only  as 
"homebreds."  The  advice  received  was  to  hold  to  the  stock.  One  who 
had  been  more  than  eighty  years  tenant  of  a  farm  at  Gately,  and  was 
in  his  hundredth  year  when  he  died,  on  March  1st,  1872,  said  from 
his  earliest  recollection  the  only  cattle  on  the  estate  were  red  and 
polled.  At  Elmham  Hall,  when  I  was  making  my  enquiries  for  the 
first  issue  of  a  Herd  Book,  I  was  shown  by  Lord  Sondes  an  oil  paint- 
ing, dated  1836,  of  two  polled  oxen  which  were  bred  and  grazed  on 
the  Home  Farm.  The  bullocks  were  depicted  of  a  good  red  color,  each 
had  a  spot  of  white  between  the  fore-legs,  white  under  the  belly  and 
on  the  jowl,  and  with  a  few  white  hairs  in  the  tuft  or  crest  of  hair 
hanging  over  the  forehead.  An  inscription  read: — 

Exhibited  at  Fakenham  Agricultural  Show,  obtained  two  prizes,  and  allowed 
to  be  the  best  homebreds  ever  shown  under  four  years  old.  Killed  by  G.  Nicholson ; 
weighed  187  st.  8  Ibs. 

The  earliest  mention  in  an  advertisement  of  such  stock  as  "Nor- 
folk Polled"  occurs  in  the  year  1818.  The  cows  declared  to  be  "al- 
most unequalled,"  were  bred  on  the  good  land  which  bordered  the 
county  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  Waveney. 


16  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

THE  EXPERIMENT 

John  Reeve  had  not  ended  his  irrigation  preparations  when  Young 
visited  his  farm.  Reeve  had  told  him  that  he  "had  kept  a  herd  of 
dairy  cows,"  which  he  had  found  to  be  wasteful  stock.  The  35  acres 
of  prime  pasture,  the  outcome  of  irrigation,  might  put  dairying  in  a 
brighter  place  in  farm  economy.  But  then  came  in  the  fact  that  while 
there  was  a  rapidly  increasing  demand  for  Norfolk  "homebreds"  for 
the  London  market,  the  practice  of  spaying  "homebred"  heifers,  which 
had  been  pursued  for  many  years,  endangered  it.  Was  it  possible 
to  breed  a  cow  which  would  be  prime  both  as  a  producer  of  milk  and 
butter,  and  as  dam  of  stock  that  from  the  butcher's  point  of  view 
would  be  equal  to  the  nearly  extinct  "homebred?"  Marshall  had  put 
on  record  that  the  mating  of  the  "Norfolk  native,  hardy,  thriving 
cows"  with  the  Suffolk  polled  bull  gave  "an  increase  of  size  and  an 
improvement  of  form,"  but  a  diminution  of  hardihood  and  of  the  apti- 
tude to  fatten  quickly  at  an  early  age.  Further,  he  held  that  what 
we  term  environment — the  "soil,  climature,  and  system  of  manage- 
ment" should  be  a  primary  consideration.  We  may  be  sure  that 
Reeve  pondered  the  problem. 

It  was  then  the  custom  of  the  Norfolk  farmer  to  ride  on  his  cob 
to  Norwich  for  the  Saturday  market.  There  he  might  take  counsel 
with  men  w^ho  had  full  knowledge  of  the  "homebreds."  Such  men 
were  not  rare.  We  have  in  the  record  of  the  Holkham  Sheep  Shearing 
dinners,  that  Mr.  Coke,  in  1812,  read  the  award  of  two  farmers  who 
acted  as  judges  in  a  contest  at  Hopton,  near  Yarmouth.  James  Thur- 
tell had  accepted  a  challenge,  a  wager  of  20  pounds,  that  a  pair  of 
his  bullocks  of  "the  native  Norfolk  breed"  would  "plough  12  acres  in 
12  successive  journeys  of  5  hours  each."  The  trial  began  on  Monday, 
June  8th,  and  ended  on  Saturday,  13th.  The  judges  reported  that 
14  acres,  2  roods,  22  poles — 3^  furrows  to  each  yard,  except  6  furrows, 
7  inches  deep  were  "ploughed  clean,  and  in  a  husbandry  manner." 
This  James  Thurtell  had  bred,  and,  in  1810,  had  slaughtered  a  "home- 
bred" of  103  st.  6%  Ibs.:  the  hide  and  head  weighed  7  st.  8  Ibs.  A 
month  earlier  another  "homebred,  bred  at  Ormesby,  gave  as  carcase 
weight  150  st.  5  Ibs.  (14  Ibs.  to  the  stone):  quarters  116  st.,  loose 
fat  19  st.  13  Ibs.,  hide  10  st.  3  Ibs.,  head  12  st.  10  Ibs.,  tongue  12  Ibs.: 
the  best  bullock  ever  bred  and  grazed  in  Norfolk,  and  not  five  years 
old"  (Norwich  Mercury,"  June  19th,  1810).  Thurtell  at  the  dinner 
spoke  to  Mr.  Coke  and  his  guests  of  the  worth  of  the  "Norfolk  breed," 
of  which  "he  had  many  years  full  knowledge."  Doubtless  there  were 
others  with  whom  John  Reeve  talked  ere  he  resolved  to  buy  a  num- 
ber of  polled  homebreds,  of  which  as  we  have  mentioned  there  was  in 
the  autumn  of  1804  an  ample  choice  within  a  few  miles  of  Wighton. 
When  the  new  lease  was  resolved  on  he  would  appear  to  have  secured 
the  service  of  a  blood-red  Norfolk  "homebred"  bull  with  which  to 
mate  his  dairy  cows.  These  we  may  guess  were  the  facts;  no  record 
exists  that  was  known  to  Richard  England,  his  grandson.  (This  Mr. 
England  was  the  third  of  the  name  to  own  and  cultivate  the  wealthy, 
well-watered  Binham  "Abbey  Farm,"  an  area  that  from  the  close  of 
the  llth  century  was  owned  by  a  few  Benedictine  monks.  The  west 
front  of  their  beautiful  priory  yet  stands.  To  him  I  owe  my  earliest 
knowledge  of  the  beauties  and  points  of  the  Red  Polled  of  today,  and 
the  speedily  formed  resolve  to  establish  a  Herd  Book). 

HYBRIDISATION 

The  first  well-grounded  result  of  John  Reeve's  experiment  in 
hybridisation  that  has  come  down  is  th&t  on  July  1st,  1808,  he  met 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  17 

his  fellow  members  of  the  East  Norfolk  Agricultural  Society  at  Swaff- 
ham,  and  showed  them  a  bull  of  his  own  breeding.  In  the  advertised 
official  report  of  the  awards  we  read: — 

The  stock  shown  was  not  numerous,  but  excellent  of  its  kind.  The  premiums 
adjudged  were  .  .  .  for  the  bull  (one  only  being  shown)  to  Mr.  J.  Reeve,  of 
Wighton.  This  breed  is  a  new  kind,  partaking  of  the  best  qualities  of  the  Suffolk 
and  Devon  and  the  old  Norfolk.  It  has  no  horns,  is  of  a  true  Devon  or  Norfolk 
red,  and  will  get  stock  that  will  fatten  to  about  50  or  60  stone,  with  as  little  coarse 
meats  as  can  be  expected. 

A  further  development  was  evidenced  at  the  Holkham  Sheep 
Shearing  in  June,  1810,  when  the  choicest  stock  of  landlord  and  ten- 
ants were  shown.  The  county  newspapers  reported  as  follows: — 

Mr.  Reeve  showed  his  Norfolk  bull  and  two-year-old  heifers,  which  convinced 
every  person  who  saw  them  to  what  a  height  of  perfection  breeding  may  be  carried 
on  by  care  in  selection.  Mr.  Reeve's  Norfolk  bull  was  greatly  admired  as  an  ani- 
mal of  very  superior  bone  and  points,  and  his  heifers  are  such  as  few  men  can 
exhibit. 

Mr.  Reeve,  of  Wighton,  showed  a  real  Norfolk  bull,  four  years  old,  "a  noble 
beast,"  of  his  own  breeding,  being  a  short,  compact  anima),  small  in  bone  and 
great  in  bulk,  of  the  Devonshire  color. 

It  may  be  supposed  that  subsequently  Mr.  Coke  and  Mr.  Reeve 
had  a  talk  as  to  the  worth  of  "the  new  breed,"  and  especially  of  the 
heifers  as  producers  of  prime  "homebred"  beef.  The  end  of  it  was 
a  challenge  to  Reeve  to  show  one  of  his  heifers  against  a  Holkham- 
bred  Devon  heifer;  the  premium,  a  money  wager.  Accordingly,  after 
the  Thurtell  incident,  above  noted,  the  company  went  to  inspect  Mr. 
Coke's  five-year-old  Devon  and  Mr.  Reeve's  three-year-old  Norfolk 
homebred.  A  large  number  put  down  their  money  to  support  their 
estimate  of  the  carcase  weight  of  the  Devon.  On  Wednesday  the  first 
business  was  to  see  the  carcases  of  the  two  heifers.  The  reporters 
give  the  names  of  two  persons  who  estimated  the  exact  weight  of 
the  Devon  carcase,  but  never  a  word  of  the  more  interesting  detail: 
"Who  won  the  wager?"  The  American  Minister,  Mr.  Russell,  who 
was  one  of  the  guests,  may  have  written  home  this  detail  of  his  Nor- 
folk holiday,  but  he  could  not  have  anticipated  that  the  "Norfolk 
red  polled  homebred"  was,  just  a  century  later  to  have  thousands  of 
representatives  in  the  United  States.  Our  present  day  interest  is  in 
the  record  of  those  carcase  weights  which  may  be  compared  with  the 
weight  of  similarly  bred  animals  of  today.  The  newspapers  give  these 
figures: — 

DEVON   5-year-old.  NORFOLK    3-year-old. 

st.  Ibs.  st.  Ibs. 

Forequarter     14       3  Forequarter     13       5 

Forequarter     14       8  Forequarter 12     11 

Hindquarter    13     10  Hindquarter    11     12 

Hindquarter    13     12  Hindquarter 11     12 

56       5  49     12 

Tallow    8    st.    11    Ibs.  Tallow  8  st. 

14  Ibs.  to  the  stone. 

Dr.  Rigby,  a  Norwich  physician,  in  a  pamphlet  on  farm  eco- 
nomics, states  that  he,  as  one  of  a  large  party  of  guests,  was  taken 
by  Mr.  Coke,  in  July,  1818,  to  see  at  Wighton,  a  herd  of  Devons  and 
on  the  adjoining  farm  Mr.  Reeve's  cattle,  "bred  from  Norfolk  stock 
with  probably  a  cross  from  the  Suffolk:  they  are  very  fine." 

Though  the  first  trial  at  hybridising  gave  .to  all  appearance  the 
results  that  had  been  sought,  there  came  with  the  following  genera- 
tions abundant  occasion  for  judgment  in  selection.  Reeve's  skill  was 
made  plain  in  September,  1828,  when  his  farming  days  were  ending. 
There  was  issued  the  general  invitation  in  these  terms: — 


18  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

Sale  of  Mr.  Reeve's  stock,  at  Wheycurd  Hall  Farm,  Wighton — Eleven  match- 
less blood-red  cows  in  calf,  two  three-year-old  heifers  in  calf,  eleven  two-year-old 
heifers  in  calf,  and  a  two-year-old  blood-red  bull,  one  of  the  most  perfect  animals 
in  the  Kingdom. 

In  the  work  of  breeding  and  selection  Reeve  had  from  the  year 
1810  the  aid  of  the  Hudsons  (fellow  tenants),  and  of  Mr.  G.  B.  George, 
farming  at  Eaton,  on  the  Norwich  county  border,  whose  stock  in  1822 
were  so  many  that  he  sold  by  auction  twelve  blood-red  polled  cows 
and  a  year-old  blood-red  polled  bull.  Richard  England,  John  Reeve's 
aider,  had  by  1817  bought  the  Binham  Abbey  Farm,  and  his  son 
Richard  then  occupied  it.  Soon  after,  this  young  farmer  married 
Reeve's  daughter,  and  thenceforward  joined  in  the  breeding  and  se- 
ection  of  the  stock  until  1844 — some  time  after  Reeve's  death.  His 
son  Richard  recalled  in  June,  1873,  the  memory  of  "thirty  cows  of  a 
beautiful  red.  I  doubt  if  there  are  any  better  at  the  present  time." 
That  the  Reeve  stock  were  used  by  a  number  of  breeders  from  1813 
on  their  old  style  polled  "homebred,"  and  that  his  son  John  bred  them 
at  Walsingham  would  seem  to  be  the  fact. 

The  County  Societies,  however,  ignored  them  till  1846,  providing 
classes  for  Devons,  Shorthorns,  and  Herefords,  while  Ayrshires  were 
brought  in  as  dairy  cattle.  A  fair  number  of  Suffolk  men  were  more 
liberal  in  their  support,  but  so  late  as  January,  1862,  others  would 
be  content  even  with  a  cross-bred  if  only  it  was  polled  and  born  in 
Suffolk.  Fortunately,  the  Council  of  the  R.  A.  S.  E.  ended  this  bit 
of  localism  by  requiring  for  the  1862  show,  to  be  held  in  what  is  now 
Battersea  Park,  London,  that  the  cattle,  which  had  in  previous  years 
been  competitors  in  the  "Any  Other  Breed"  classes,  should  be  ex- 
hibited as  "Norfolk  and  Suffolk  Red  Polled." 

Continuous  progress  was  delayed  by  the  outbreak  of  rinderpest 
in  1866-77.  Well-bred  herds  fell  victims,  and  but  for  the  selection 
in  the  year  1864,  by  Benjamin  Brown,  a  small  Thursford  farmer, 
there  would  have  been  no  certainty  that  any  of  the  Reeve  stock  yet 
existed. 

THE  GROUNDWORK 

The  lovers  of  the  "Red  Polled" — under  which  title  the  Herd  Book 
was  issued  when  the  cattle  had  won  a  place  in  the  United  States — 
have  to  thank  a  few  men  on  each  side  of  the  Atlantic  for  their  en- 
thusiasm in  making  good  the  damage  that  has  been  sustained  by  the 
"new  breed;"  and  yet  others  for  their  care  in  recording  the  results  by 
which  to  demonstrate  what  heredity  has  done  for  it. 

When  my  offer  to  prepare  a  Herd  Book  was  accepted  by  breeders 
in  the  N.  A.  A.  Showyard,  in  June,  1873,  no  Standard  Description  was 
available.  A  small-  company  met  in  Norwich  and  drafted  what  was 
needed.  They  were  not  very  hopeful  of  success,  since  they  knew  that 
very  few  records  had  been  kept.  Newspaper  duties  leaving  Saturdays 
available,  I  visited  many  of  the  breeders,  and  week  by  week  gave 
the  public  the  information  thus  acquired.  Interest  was  aroused. 
This  led  to  the  Rev.  George  Gilbert,  Vicar  of  Claxton,  near  Norwich, 
one  of  the  few  amateurs  who  had  mastered  Shorthorn  pedigrees,  and 
whom  "The  Field"  accordingly  retained  for  its  cattle  department,  to 
call  on  me.  Being  of  a  very  old  Norfolk  family,  to  whom  stock  and 
breeding  was  a  pleasure,  he  offered  his  aid.  We  examined  all  avail- 
able Herd  Books,  and  were  agreed  that  most  of  them  were  wanting 
in  definiteness.  In  view  of  what  my  personal  enquiries  and  notes 
made  available,  Mr.  Gilbert  suggested  the  grouping  of  cows  into 
families,  arranging  the  groups  under  Place  or  Personal  Names,  each 
Foundation  Cow  in  a  Group  having  a  number  added  to  the  Group 
letter  as  its  ancestress  of  a  Family. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  19 

It  follows  that  the  lineal  descent,  whether  of  dam  or  the  bull  with 
which  it  was  mated,  is  seen  at  a  glance.  Given  the  Register  No.  and 
the  Group  letter  with  its  attendant  number,  and  the  searcher  for  facts 
has  his  path  clear.  In  the  second  part  of  the  Foundation  Volume  of 
the  Herd  Book,  a  Register  No.  was  set  down  before  the  name  of  every 
cow,  that  of  the  bull  following  the  name.  Later  the  pedigree  was  so 
printed  as  to  show  the  descent  to  the  third  generation  and  the  state- 
ment of  the  number  of  generations  recorded  from  the  Foundation 
Cow.  The  name  and  register  number  of  sire  and  its  sire  are  also  seen 
in  each  pedigree.  By  this  plan  present-day  breeders  group  their 
cattle  in  the  Herd  List.  The  groups  now  represented  are: — 

A.  Elmham,  B.  Biddell,  C.  Cranmer,  D.  Cley,  E.  Eaton,  F.  Easton,  H.  Ham- 
mond, I.  Hudson,  K.  Kimberley,  L.  Mileham,  M.  Marham,  N.  Necton,  O.  Oakley, 
and  Thornham,  P.  Powell,  Q.  Stalham,  R.  Starston,  S.  Stoke,  T.  Thursford,  U.  West 
Suffolk,  V.  East  Suffolk,  W.  Wolton,  X.  Trimley,  1  Norf.  Pond,  2  Norf.  Mann,  5 
Norf.  Ransom,  7  Norf.  Hill,  1  Suff.  Baker,  2  Suff.  Boon,  4  Suff.  Lock,  5  Suff.  Mum- 
ford,  6  Suff.  Sheppard,  7  Suff.  Wilson,  9  Suff.  Wolton. 

For  the  study  of  the  heredity  of  the  Red  Polled,  as  evidenced  by 
its  milk  production  and  its  beef  production,  I  have  prepared  the  ex- 
tended pedigree  of  each  of  29  cows  bred  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and 
of  11  in  the  United  States.  These  are  for  the  most  part  in  chrono- 
logical order,  so  as  to  show  where  pedigrees  coalesce.  Further,  I 
have  assumed  as  fact,  .that  for  a  very  long  time,  the  polled  "home- 
bred" of  Norfolk  was  separate  from  the  polled  Suffolk,  while  all  the 
Red  Polled  since  1873  have  had  an  infusion  of  the  Reeve  blood-red 
breed.  The  proportion  of  each  of  these  three  elements  in  each  of  the 
several  cows  and  bulls  named  in  the  extended  pedigrees  has  been 
worked  out.  In  a  few  cases  the  total  is  1,000:  in  all  the  others  999.9 
and  a  fraction.  The  stock  whose  breeding  could  not  be  even  guessed 
at,  save  that  it  was  pure,  have  been  counted  as  N.  1,000  for  Norfolk; 
S.  1,000  for  Suffolk;  RP.  800,  for  the  Reeve  hybridisation.  The  excep- 
tions may  be  thus  set  down: — Elmham,  A.  (Home  Farm),  from  1854, 
N.  800,  S.  200;  Powell  P.,  from  1845  to  1870,  N.  200,  R.  P.  800;  Eaton, 
E.,  to  the  year  1850,  N.  300,  R.  P.  700;  after  1850,  N.  300,  S.  200,  RP. 
500;  Hudson,  I.,  N.  750,  RP.  250;  Oakley  and  Thornham,  O.,  S.  800, 
RP.  200;  Starston,  Rl,  N.  300,  S.  500,  RP.  200;  Glemham,  V  8—14,  N. 
600,  S.  400.  Some  cows  to  be  seen  in  1873-4  appeared  to  have  a  good- 
ly proportion  of  R.  P.  blood,  but  in  the  absence  of  recorded  facts  they 
have  been  set  down  as  1,000. 

Facts  and  figures  are  here  presented  to  show  heredity  and  milk 
production.  Then  follow  details  of  the  breeding  of  the  more  note- 
worthy bulls  which  have  been  mated  with  the  cows,  so  as  to  suggest 
to  students  of  lieredity  possible  grounds  for  an  increased  return  of 
milk,  or  for  an  increase  of  the  live  weight  and  the  dressed  carcase  of 
the  Red  Polled  dual  purpose  cattle;  with  the  no  less  important  consid- 
eration of  the  cost  of  feeding  for  milk  and  beef  respectively. 

MILK  RECORDS 

There  have  been  published  2,150  records  of  milk  production  since 
May  1st,  1886.  The  rule  of  the  Herd  Book  being  "all  or  none,"  every 
cow  which  came  into  full  profit  had  to  appear  in  the  Herd  Records 
sent  for  publication  year  by  year.  In  the  United  States,  since  Decem- 
ber, 1908,  there  has  been  a  system  of  "Advanced  Registry,"  based 
on  the  monthly  return  to  the  secretary  for  a  term  of  365  days,  with 
inspection  by  persons  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Directors. 

,  The  daily  record  of  milk  production  of  a  whole  herd  was  a  very 
rare  thing  in  1880,  when  Mr.  R.  Harvey  Mason,  who  had  then  come 
into  possession  of  the  Necton  Hall  Estate,  began  the  practice.  He 


20  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

had  made  his  selection  of  Necton-bred  Red  Polled  cattle  at  the  public 
auction  in  the  prevous  October.  When  I  prepared  for  Messrs  Cassell 
&  Co.  (Ltd.)  an  article  on  "Red  Polled  for  the  Stall  and  the  Dairy," 
to  appear  in  the  "Live  Stock  Journal  Almanac"  of  1883,  Mr.  Mason 
kindly  furnished  me  with  precise  details  of  milk  production.  Being 
at  Bale,  to  choose  from  Mr.  John  Hammond's  well-known  "Davy" 
family  a  heifer,  for  the  group  of  10  heifers  which  I  was  in  July, 

1882,  asked  by  Col.  J.  B.  Mead  and  Mr.  Robert  J.  Kimball  to  select 
for  their  farm   in  Vermont,   Mr.   Hammond,  who   was   a  veterinary 
surgeon  as  well  as  a  farmer,  kindly  met  my  request  to  record  the 
milk  yield  of  1451  Davy  27th — HI.     The  cow  which  had  produced  her 
second  calf,  on  August  16th,  had  such  an  escutcheon  as  the  Guenon 
theory  held  to  be  the  sign  of  a  good  milk  yielder.     The  record  was 
made  to  April  30th,  1883,  when,  by  Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.'s  permission, 
I  was  perparing  the   "Almanac"   article  for  re-issue   in  the   second 
volume  of  the  Herd  Book.     A  monthly  summary  of  the  yield  of  four 
cows  in  the  Didlington  herd  from  September  1st,  1882,  to  May  21st, 

1883,  was  also  kindly  made  for  me.     These  last  were  of  the  families 
B  9,  B  10,  B  20,  and  V  2.    In  this  way  I  was  enabled  to  give  the  public 
milk  records  which  were  evidence  of  heredity  then  well-nigh  unpar- 
alleled.     (My  American   readers   will   find  these   records,   with  well- 
nigh  all  my  reprinted  article,  and  also  a  re-production  of  the  beauti- 
ful wood-cut  of  a  group  of  Red   Polls  drawn  from  three   separate 
photographs  for  the  L.  S.  J.  Almanac,  contributed  by  one  with  whom 
I  had  no  communication  direct  or  indirect,  and  put  forth  by  him  as 
original,  in  the  "United  States  Consular  Reports:   Cattle  and  Dairy 
Farming,"  issued  in  1888).     Further,  it  is  well  to  note  that  in  the 
"Live    Stock    Journal,"    annually   from    May,    1887,   milk   records   of 
whole  Red  Polled  herds  were  published;  that  in  1887  a  similar  record 
of  the  Whitlingham  Herd — prepared  by  me  at  Mr.  Garrett  Taylor's 
request — was  circulated  among  the  members   of  the  "British  Dairy 
Farmers'  Association,"  then  visiting  Norwich;   and  that  from  June, 
1890,  the  publication  of  "whole  herd"  Milk  Records  was  authorized 
by  the  Red  Polled  Society,  which  had  bnen  established  in  April  1888. 
Yet  a  Scotch  authority  on  Milk  Records  asserts  that  "the  present 
system  of  taking  milk  records   originated   in  Vejen,  a  small  parish 
in  that  part  of  Denmark  known  as  Jutland     ...     in  the  beginning 
of  the  year  1895,"  and  that  it  was  also  begun  in  Holland  and  in  Swe- 
den in  1897.     It  is  a  matter  of  fact  which  anybody  may  see  in  Vol. 
XIII  of  the  Red  Polled  Herd  Book  (Vol.  VIII  of  the  American  edition) 
that  in  the  year  1895  there  were  13  whole  herd  milk  Red  Polled  records 
(320  cows)  laid  before  the  public,  all  well  authenticated.     I  can  per- 
sonally vouch  for  the  truth  of  the  Whitlingham  record  of  the  126 
cows  for  that  year.     I  regularly  inspected  the  milking  from  time  to 
time,  was  supplied  with  the  weekly  and  monthly  sheets;  calculated 
the  total  returns,  and  made  full  notes  with  grass  feed  results,  for 
an  annual  issue  by  Mr.  Taylor,  on  milk  yield  totals  and  inheritance, 
year  by  year,  from  1887  to  the  spring  of  1904.     It  may  perhaps,  be 
granted  that  my  voluntary  work  of  the  kind  was  equal  to  that  of  a 
paid  official,  who  probably  has  had  fewer  opportunities  of  acquiring 
knowledge. 

PROGRESSIVE  MILK  INHERITANCE 

The  foundation  of  Al  Family  in  the  Elmham  Group  was  427 
Primrose.  She  was  in  the  herd  when,  in  the  fifties,'  Mr.  Thomas 
Fulcher  was  appointed  Estate  Agent,  with  direction  of  the  home 
farms.  He  found  Live  Stock  Account  Books  from  the  year  1849. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  21 

The  herd  was  then  one  Polled  bull,  ten  Polled  cows,  and  36  head  of 
young  stock.  Primrose  was  set  down  -as  a  young  heifer.  She  was 
bred  regularly  to  June,  1874,  had  a  good  name  as  a  milker,  and  in 
May,  1875,  though  then  26  years  old,  she  may  have  added  yet  further 
to  the  herd,  but  fell  into  a  water  hole  and  was  drowned.  From  three 
of  her  progeny,  bought  at  Elmham  sales,  were  descended  the  40  cows 
whose  milk  records  have  been  published.  (To  economize  space  the 
number  of  days  recorded  is  printed  within  parentheses). 

Mr.  T.  Brown,  founding  a  herd  at  Marham,  bought  332  Mar- 
guerite, whose  sire  was  a  Royal  Eaton-bred  bull.  Her  gr.-dr.  329 
Maggie  gave  birth  to  two  cows,  each  by  a  P3  bull:  2382  Mistleto,  3d  c., 
7,021  Ib.  (288),  7,310  Ib.  (284);  and  3002  Modesty,  7,259%  Ib.  (407), 
7,617%  Ib.  (330),  5th  c.,  12,258%  Ib.  (584).  Mistletoes  Breed  Analysis: 
N.  476.56,  S.  79.68.  RP.  443.75:  Modesty's  N.  553.90,  S.  78.12,  RP. 
67.96. 

At  Elmahm  sale  Mr.  Robert  Lofft,  of  Troston,  bought  195  Elm- 
ham  Rosebud,  4-yr.-old  progeny  of  468  Rose,  whose  dam,  427.  By 
a  Troston-bred  bull  he  added  to  his  herd  872  Elmham  Rosebud  2d. 
Mr.  J.  J.  Colman  also  bought  at  Elmham  the  1st  calf  of  195 — 196 
Rosebud  2d.  From  195  there  thus  resulted  two  strains  of  diverse 
blood,  which  at  Whitlingham  made  milk  records. 

1031  Moss  Rose,  the  progeny  of  196  by  Powell  143,  bred  1934 
White  Spot,  and  she  in  two  succeeding  years  gave  birth  to  2488  Red 
Spot  and  2765  Dot.  2488's  best  returns  were  6,575  Ib.  (302),  7,642 
Ib.  (343):  Dot's-2d  c.-9,345  Ib.  (360),  and  after  14  days— her  last  calf 
—5,067%  Ib.  (307).  When  20  years  had  passed  her  Amrecian-bred 
progeny,  tracing  to  3993  Dorothy,  added  to  Dot's  record.  Red  Spot 
covered  by  lago  1025-09,  produced  9223  Spot  3d.  Breed- Analysis:  N. 
441.40,  S.  83.97,  RP.  474.60.  Mr.  Garrett  Taylor  assented  to  his  ex- 
perienced herdsman,  Fox,  selecting  heifers,  which  had  dropped  a 
first  calf,  to  be  milked  as  long  as  they  would  yield  freely  and  delay 
service.  The  problem  was:  Will  such  a  fostering  of  the  milk  ten- 
dency influence  the  milk  inheritance?  Several  bits  of  evidence  may 
be  found  in  these  records.  8223  Spot  3d  was  one  of  the  early  selec- 
tion. She  was  in  milk  422  days;  yield  7,824%  Ib.  After  16  days-2d 
c.-and  in  the  following  35  days  gave  1,065  Ib.,  in  the  year's  yield 
6,348%  Ib.  (342),  butter  fat  3.7:  her  total  yield  45,521%  Ib.  (2,501). 
8223's  12959  Shalot,  15,437  Ib.  (815);  17687  Spot  3d— 1st  c.  on  Oct. 
1st,  1902— record  from  November  13th,  '02,  to  December  31st,  '03, 
6,096%  Ib.  (415). 

The  Troston-bred  6330  Elmham  Rosebud  4th  (with  two  instal- 
ments of  N  2  blood)— 116  days  after  1st  c.  began  her  record  at  Whit- 
lingham: 5,088  Ib.  (346),  fat  4.6.  In  following  years:  6,273  Ib.  (350), 
9,023  Ib.  (365),  6,536  Ib.  (336),  fat  4.9;  10,038%  Ib.  (354),  8,222%  Ib. 
(364),  6,920%  (320);  9th  c.  5,480  Ib.  (287);  total,  57,500%  Ib.  (2,688). 
Breed  Analysis:  N.  409.37,  S.  565.71,  RP.  24.89.  From  her  dam, 
with  U43  and  19  inheritance,  was  7082  Elmham  Rosebud  9th-3d  c.- 
10,159  Ib.  (322),  9,262  Ib.  (308),  10,368  Ib.  (321),  9,647  Ib.  (230).  7082's 
13250  Brentwood  Bud  (by  a  VI  sire)-lst  c.-6,883  Ib.  (301),  6,534  Ib. 
(307),  9,278  Ib.  (318).  13250's  21071  Brookshall  Bud  2d,  record  7,159 
Ib.,  and  in  the  two  following  years  21,089  Ib.  13250's  21589  Brook- 
shall  Violet-2d  c.-8,193  Ib. 

Dot's  3993  Dorothy— Al  (by  Falstaff  303,  which  served  both  in 
Norfolk  and  America) — when  covered  by  Corporal  4313-T1  gave 
[18100]  Daisy  and  [24886]  Darling— (square  brackets  distinguish 
American  registration  after  December,  1900,  from  British  registra- 


22  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

tion,  Darling,  in  1909,  on  test  7,374  Ib.  fat,  281.46;  Daisy,  served 
by  Marmion  5674,  produced  [26377]  Diana,  and,  by  Jonah  [11778], 
[26378]  Diana  2d.  Diana's  tests  gave  7,439  Ib.,  fat  285.77;  6,477  Ib., 
fat  240.86;  6793.1  Ib.,  fat  238.88;  9276.6  Ib.,  fat  340.26.  Diana  2d's 
tests:  7082.6  Ib.,  fat  316.58;  7,439  Ib.,  fat  305.19;  9132.7  Ib.,  fat  398.34; 
10,719  Ib.  fat  469;  12620.1  Ib.,  fat  546.89.  Dot's  Breed  Anal- 
ysis: N.  377.34,  S.  44.91,  RP.  577.73.  Dorothy's:  N.  554.29,  S. 
43.54,  RP.  402.14.  Diana  2d  has  a  larger  proportion  of  Suf- 
folk inheritance  through  her  V9  sire:  N.  512.24,  S.  158.44,  RP.  329.28. 
Diana  gave  three  of  her  progeny  to  the  test — all  got  by  Proctor  Knott 
[12092]— Ell,  son  of  Corporal  4313.  [30177]  J.  D.  L.  Daisy's  6035.7 
Ib.,  fat  225.18.  [31786]  J.  D.  L.  Daisy  2d's,  5468.5  Ib.,  fat  208.7. 
[35788]  J.  D.  L.  Dot's,  as  a  2-yr.-old,  8478.2  Ib.,  fat  389.27.  Diana 
2d's  get;  [30176]  J.  D.  L.  Diana  3d,  5584.4  Ib.,  fat  221.77  (311);  and 
[31787]  J.  D.  L.  Dorothy,  5348.9  Ib.,  fat  253.11;  8523.8  Ib.,  fat  428.57; 
11614.8  Ib.,  fat  571.46  Ib. 

Record  of  other  progeny  of  468  Rose — A  1,  besides  those  of  195 
— Al,  is:  8667  Primula  3d— (from  30  days  after  birth  of  6th  calf)— 
9,613  Ib.  (350),  7,622V2  Ib.  (322),  9,245  Ib.  (310). 

The  third  set  of  427  Primrose  records  is  through  371  Nelly,  which 
entered  Mr.  W.  Bradfield's  herd.  He  used  in  succession  The  Palmer 
138,  its  son  Rufus  188,  and  an  Eaton  bull.  Then  a  B4  bull,  whose 
blood  was  almost  wholly  Suffolk,  wras  used  by  a  new  owner  of  the 
stock,  and  the  result,  6962  Bower  Blush  Al.  She  was  bought  as  the 
beginner  of  Mr.  C.  F.  Newton's  small,  now  also  noteworthy,  herd, 
at  Saham  Toney. 

6962's  earliest  annual  yields  were  7,694  Ib.  (358),  8233%  Ib.  (327); 
her  total  44,270%  Ib.  (2,083).  Of  Bower  Blush's  progeny:  11539 
Meadow  Sweet's  record  was  52,985%  Ib.  (2,697);  12619  Meadow  Blush 
2d — a  year  younger  than  11539,  and  got  by  Jupiter  4475 — N6  began 
her  record  with  5,518  Ib.  (228),  and  in  succeeding  years  it  ranged 
from  6,950  Ib.  to  9,510V2  Ib.;  total  yield  from  17th  May,  1890,  to  6th 
January,  1911,  when  she  was  sold,  91,5083/4  Ib.  (4,156),  fat  4.0  to  4.6. 
6952's  17009  Little  Blush's  4th  c.-8,154  Ib.,  fat  3.9  (339);  total  27,- 
238  V2  Ib.  (1,183).  Also  of  12619's  progeny,  17126  Meadow  Blush  3d 
by  Lord  Kitchener  7316 — 2  Norf.  She  began  with  7799%  Ib.,  fat 
4.4  (350);  the  12  records  to  30th  September  1915,  are:  8,002%  Ib., 
fat  5.1  (365);  9,881  Ib.  (322),  9,336  Ib.  (330),  9,018  Ib.  (329),  9,509 
Ib.  (319),  10,370  (353),  8,364  Ib.  (355),  8,908  Ib.  (354),  9,754V2  Ib. 
(354),  10,380  Ib.  (365),  9,773  Ib.  (329);  9,387  Ib.  (330).  After  giv- 
ing birth  to  2d  c.,  June  8th,  1903,  17126  was  in  milk  615  days,  and  3d 
c.  was  born  January  6th,  1905.  Breed  Analysis  of  17126:  N.  684.88, 
S.  142.60,  RP.  172.51;  of  Bower  Blush,  N.  398.03,  S.  435.34,  RP.  166.62. 
Of  the  17126's  daughters,  the  records  were  18720  Maf's  Blush  1st  c.- 
6,521%  Ib.,  fat  4.6  (341);  21,729  Meadow  Blusl  5th-lst  c.-8,060  Ib., 
fat  4.7  (325). 

The  Families  A3,  4,  and  5  were  founded  on  cows  bought  in  1854 
from  Mr.  John  Palmer's  old  herd  at  Brettenham,  and  akin  to  K18 
and  19.  It  is  probable  that  the  inheritance  was  a  combination  of 
Norfolk,  West  Suffolk,  and  the  Reeve  "Red  Polled."  The  A3  records 
were  made  at  Aspall  Hall  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Chevallier:  12986  Snowball's 
8,223  Ib.,  8,199  Ib.;  total  17,845 V2  Ib.  12986's  18771  New  Snowball 
1st  c.-6,138  Ib.;  then  2-yr  av.,  6,197  Ib. 

The  28  records  of  A4  cows  began  with  2669  Carlista-2d  c-8,603% 
Ib.  (267).  6267  Cosy  was  got  by  a  son  of  lago  1025  out  of  a  daugh- 
ter of  2669.  Record  lst-c.-4645%  Ib.  fat  5.2  (301).  .In  11  years  she 
gave  birth  to  12  calves.  Total  yield,  72,374  Ib.  (3,336);  highest  rec- 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  23 

ord,  8,657^4  Ib.  (294).  Breed  Analysis:  N.  428.71,  S.  68.16,  RP.  503.12 
6267's  10116  Cosy  3d,  total,  31,029%  Ib.  (1518);  4807  Carlista  2d— by 
lago  1025-lst  c.-6,446%  Ib.  (321);  10-yr.  av.,  7,726  Ib.  (3,100);  high- 
est record,  10,086  Ib.,  fat  5.2  (301).  14712  Cono-lst  c.  gave  11,486% 
Ib.  July  llth,  1901,  to  October  29th,  1903,  833  days,  and  before  her 
sale  in  March,  1904,  had-2d  c.-given  2,025  Ib.  (77).  At  the  1916  R.  A. 
S.  E.  Show,  21925  Russet's  Belle  2d  won  first  prize  for  56.37  Ib.  milk, 
fat  14,60. 

6199  Blossom  5th,  the  first  A5  record-lst  c.-9912%  Ib.  (457); 
highest  records,  10,024%  Ib.  (350),  10,247  Ib.,  fat  4.4  (364);  7-yr. 
av.,  8638.89  Ib.  6199's  16190  Berlin-lst  c.-8,755&  Ib.  (457).  7687 
Bertie,  produce  of  6198  Blossom  4th-lst  c-8,21.3%  Ib.,  fat  4.1  (414). 

The  Families  A6  to  A29  were  bred  by  Elmham  tenants.  9067 
Nanfred— A6,  6-yr.  av.,  7399.68  Ib.;  21277  Nettie— A6,  3  calves  and 
24,444%  Ib.  yield;  highest  record,  8,724%  Ib.  The  earliest  All  records 
that  of  2805  Felicity,  when  12-yrs.-old,  was  9,069  Ib.  (280),  and  9352 
Foliage,  from  the  same  dam,  7,812  Ib.  (349).  7712  Bower  Branchlet 
—All,  after  2d  c.,  8,341%  Ib.  (449),  3d  and  4th  c.,  21,809%  Ib.  (931), 
and  in  the  two  following  years,  14,615  Ib.  (522).  18182  My  Lassie, 
a  gr.-dr.  of  7712,  gave  a  3-yr.  av.,  6642.1  Ib. 

In  1872  Mr.  Fulcher  sent  Elmham  stock  to  Mr.  G.  F.  Faber,  in  New 
York  State,  a  bull  calf,  two  heifers  in-calf,  and  401  Ocean  Maid — 
A12,  a  yearling.  This  first  lot  of  the  dual-purpose  Red  Polled  for 
breeding  in  the  United  States  was  supplemented  in  1874  by  three 
heifers.  These  seven  and  their  progeny,  bred  at  the  Ravine  Wood 
Farm,  were,  until  1882,  the  only  pure-bred  representatives  of  the 
new  breed  in  America.  Ocean  Maid  was  bred  by  a  small  farmer  ten- 
ant, who  held  to  the  practice  in  vogue  for  more  than  a  century — the 
"folding"  of  his  three  cows  on  turnips,  so  that  the  stock  was  very 
hardy,  and  had  a  heavy  coat.  Ocean  MaM's  2d  c.,  1015  May,  in 
1884,  gave  birth  to  2965  Mayflower,  which  was  sold  to  Captain  V.  T. 
Hills,  Delaware,  Ohio.  He,  in  1892,  bred  from  her,  by  Melton  Chief 
2424,  8025  Mayflower  2d,  which  won  a  most  noteworthy  position  in  the 
records  of  milk  production.  The  programme  of  the  Pan-American 
Exposition,  at  Buffalo,  New  York,  in  1901,  provided  for  a  Model  Dairy 
with  a  test  of  breeds  of  cattle,  to  extend  from  May  1st  to  October 
31st.  The  American  Red  Polled  Cattle  Club  resolved  to  do  its  part 
in  the  test,  but  cows  due  to  calve  in  April  were  not  available.  Cap- 
tain Hills,  however,  undertook  to  send  five  cows.  It  must  be  said  that 
a  more  haphazard  lot  for  so  important  a  test  cannot  be  imagined. 
One  of  the  cows  was  13  years  old,  three  8  years,  and  ono  6,  and  they 
had  calved  down  from  42  to  70  days  when  the  test  began.  Yet  their 
record  for  milk,  butter,  and  increase  of  live  weight,  ranked  the  Red 
Polled  Cattle  fifth.  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  a  copy  of  the  Officia) 
Report,  which  would  give  the  details  for  each  cow  of  the  ten  contest- 
ing breeds  is  not  available  in  England,  and  the  whole  instructive 
business  was  well-nigh  ignored  by  British  agriculturists  and  dairy- 
men. 8025  Mayflower  2d,  in  the  particular  of  individual  records  of 
net  butter  profit,  came  second  to  a  Guernsey,  whose  record  was  59.41 
dollars.  Mayflower's  was  52.10.  The  net  butter  profit  of  the  best 
cow  of  the  several  other  breeds  was  Jersey  50.24,  Holstein  49.43, 
Ayrshire  46.07,  Shorthorn  43.91,  Polled  Jersey  42.80,  Brown  Swiss 
41.23,  French  Canadian  40.63,  Dutch  Belted  38.02  dollars.  Mayflower's 
milk  yield  in  the  184  days  was  6,161  Ib.;  estimated  butter  323  Ib.  The 
Red  Polled  were  in  charge  of  a  herdsman  who  was  not  an  expert  in  cat- 
tle feeding,  whereas  the  other  cows  were  in  the  care  of  experienced  men. 
Mayflower  2d's  Breed  Analysis  was:  N.  556.14,  S.  295.82,  RP.  153.0 


24  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

[31727]  J.  D.  L.  Marigold,  whose  granddam  was  9552  Mayflower  3d, 
and  was  got  by  Proctor  Knott,  records  were:  7103.7  lb.,  fat  295.88; 
8562.4  lb.,  fat  337.08.  Breed  Analysis:  N.  506.54,  S.  154.48,  RP. 
338.93.  [23496]  Marigold,  her  dam,  was  sired  by  Corporal  4313.  Rec- 
ord: 7590.7  lb.,  fat  321.23.  Breed  Analysis:  N.  522.82,  S.  213.86, 
RP.  263.27.  9552's  [17915]  April  May's  records:  7096.9  lb.,  fat  249.52; 

6817.4  lb.,  fat  225.53.      [22934]    Lot,  5th  in  descent  from  401   Ocean 
Maid  through  1681  Mollie,  gave  6527.5  lb.,  fat  276.32  (296). 

18723  Margot— A13,  bought  in  1907  for  the  Earl  of  Radnor's 
herd  at  Longford  Castle,  near  Salisbury,  was  sired  by  Red  Knight 
7539,  11-yr.  av.,  6976.6  lb.  (3,467),  highest  record  7,919  lb.  (322). 
18723's  21715  Longford  Devote's  record,  19588  lb.  (756);  highest, 
9,380  lb.  (350).  American  A13  records:  [8067]  Clara  L.,  7112.8  lb., 
fat  383.04.  [20493]  Spot,  10136.5  lb.,  fat  440.95.  [25814]  Audrey  A., 
6117.2  lb.,  fat  229.30.  [20493]  's  [28396]  Spicy,  1,681  lb.,  fat  327.34. 

12079  Brocade— A21,  3-yr.  av.,  6115.6  lb.  8686  Little  Lass— 
A22-lst  c.-5,083%  lb.,  6-yr.  total  record,  46,444  lb.  (2,165);  highest, 
9,657y2  lb.,  fat  5.5.  9461  Kathleen— A24-lst  c.-6,078%  lb.  (415);  4th  c., 
12,235%  lb.  (364);  5th  c.,  10650%  lb.  (300);  next  three  years  rang- 
ing from  9,000  lb.  (360)  to  9,979%  lb.  (326).  15858  Selina— A24,  4-yr. 
av.,  6200.5  lb.  Her  progeny,  19897  Majilini,  3-yr.  av.,  7,129  lb.;  high- 
est record,  8,570  lb.  (329);  and  20445  Majiselo,  4-yr.  av.,  7755.25  lb. 
American  A24  records:  [30221]  Beauty  S.,  5,777  lb.,  fat  223  (247); 

8136.5  lb.,  fat  353.3    (334).   Out  of  the  same  dam,    [32011]    Gazelle, 
7029.5    lb.,   fat   297    (305);    8861.5    lb.,   fat   430.98.    [25609]    Pocket— 
A29  records  6047.1  lb.,  fat  204.46  (332);  8554.1  lb.,  fat  346.66  (348). 
2568   Sybil   6th— A31,   5-yr.   av.,   7429.3   lb.;   largest  record,   9468   lb. 
(468). 

A  large  proportion  of  the  B  Group  had  their  origin  at  Playford, 
where  was  Mr.  Arthur  BiddelPs  herd.  Mr.  Herman  Biddell  asserted 
that  records  of  breeding  and  tests  were  made  in  his  herd  and  that 
of  his  brother,  Mr.  Manfred  Biddell,  but  none  were  available.  A 
study  of  the  form  of  the  cows  evidenced  that  sires  from  Sir  Edward 
Kerrison's  herd  at  Oakley  had  been  used  on  the  High  Suffolk  type, 
and  thus  there  had  been  an  infusion  of  the  Reeve  "Red  Polled"  blood. 
It  was  also  probable  that  the  old  Norfolk  strain  had  been  drawn  from 
Mr.  Moseley's  herd,  brought  to  Glenham  Hall  in  1823  from  West 
Tofts.  The  Herd  Book  Register  in  1874  had  a  record  of  a  strong 
mixture  of  Norfolk  blood,  from  1869,  through  Seneca  195,  from  M-r. 
Henry  Birkbeck's  herd  at  Stoke  Holy  Cross.  This  was  followed  from 
1874  by  the  use  of  Iron  Duke  125,  which  had  Powell  blood  for  two 
generations  following  on  two  of  the  old  Elmham  strain.  In  1882  Mr. 
A.  J.  Smith  set  up  a  Red  Polled  herd  at  Rendlesham,  selecting  21 
cows  of  the  B  Group,  and  a  while  after  adding  others.  By  the  policy 
of  making  the  best  of  his  early  selection,  with  systematic  milk  rec- 
ords from  September,  1889,  he  won  a  reputation  for  the  herd.  The 
quoted  records  of  the  Group  are  few  of  the  many  published.  The 
Rendlesham  and  Eyke  mine  of  wealth  was  well  worked  while  Mr. 
Smith  lived,  and  only  ended  at  the  sale  of  the  herd  in  September,  1913. 

[18060]  Christmas  Bess— B4,  7802.50  lb.,  fat  266.55.  4234  Neck- 
lace—the get  of  Davyson  7th  476-B  5— made  a  7-yr.  av.,  4323.97  lb. 
Her  daughter,  by  Grand  Duke  1388,  son  of  476,  was  6594  Necklace 
Grand,  30,354  lb.  (1,256),  4-yr.  av.,  7588.5  lb.,  highest  record,  8,719 
lb.  (343).  6594's  11612  Necklace  Grand  3d,  4-yr.  av.  6592.25  lb.,  and 
1205  Necklace  Grand  4th,  6-yr  av.  6256.66  lb.  11612's  in  her  turn  18187 
Necklace  Grand  7th-lst  c-6,997  (336),  then  3-yr.  av.,  8,360  lb., 
4234  also  got  9611  Necklet,  4-yr.  av.,  5299.75  lb.,  and  13471  Eyke  Neck- 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  25 

lace  3-yr.  av.,  5657.3  Ib.  (959),  while  her  gr.-dr.  22195  Nectrine  had  a 
3-yr.  av.,  6,640  Ib. 

There  are  63  records  of  B6;  of  four  daughters  of  3169  Sweet 
Pear  and  Monarch  4th  351,  bought  of  Mr.  H.  Biddell  in  1885  by  Mr. 
Smith.  3100  Ripe  Pear,  8-yr.  av.,  6647.7  Ib.;  3628  Orange  Pear,  3- 
yr.  av.,  6485.7  Ib.;  3777  Sweet  Orange  Pear,  4-yr.  av.,  6388.2  Ib.; 
4393  Sweet  Pear  2d,  7-yr.  av.,  6884.32  Ib.;  highest  record,  8,493  Ib. 
The  best  of  3100's  progeny,  5181  Wonder  Pear,  14-yr.  av.,  6162.8  Ib.; 
total  86,280^4  Ib.;  and  6631  Pear  Again-lst  c.-5,884  Ib.,  then  2-yr. 
av.,  7,232  Ib.  Of  3628's  7274  Louise  Bonne,  4-yr.  av.,  5293.6  Ib.  Of 
4393's  9151  Billy's  Pear,  10-yr.  av.,  6624.51  Ib.  5181's  9066  Wander- 
ess,  9-yr.  av.,  6443.5  Ib.  (2,992).  Breed  Analysis:  N.  337.34,  S.  449.88 
RP.  172.76,  varying  little  from  that  of  3011:  N.  382.02,  S.  485.35,  RP. 
182.61.  Following  on  Wanderess'  line,  we  have  17522  Rendlesham 
Wanda-lst  c.-7,745%  Ib.  (317),  then  7,713  Ib.  (322);  6,440  Ib.  (269); 
and  her  twin  sister — sire  Comely  Roger  3856 — 17523  Rendlesham 
Wanda  2d-after  2d  c.-  18722  Ib.  (674),  20021  Rendlesham  Gipsy,  the 
last  of  the  progeny  of  Wanderess-lst  c.-7,005  Ib.  (322);  5-yr.  av., 
7271.1  Ib.  (1,725).  Breed  Analysis:  N.  353.20,  S.  451.92,  RP.  194.84. 

4393  Sweet  Pear  2d-lst  c.,  6857  Wholly-a-Pear,  5-yr.  av.,  5544.54 
Ib.  6887's  13472  Eyke  Pear,  10-yr.  av.,  6763.8  Ib.  13472's  3d  c.  18200 
New  Pear  1st  c.-6,047  Ib.  (308);  6-yr.  av.,  6095.7  Ib. 

Third  in  descent  from  3628  Orange  Pear,  19454  Rendlesham  Lucy, 
7-yr.  av.,  8712.5  Ib.  11764  Rendlesham  Pear,  progeny  of  6631  Pear 
Again,  5-yr.  av.,  7132.2  Ib.,  and  its  17520  Rendlesham  Pearmain-lst 
c.-6,528V2  Ib.  (271),  followed  by  7-yr.  av.,  8,540  Ib.  (2,083).  17520's 
25024  Rendlesham  Pear  Blossom  during  a  5-yr.  yield,  gave  8,595% 
Ib.  (330),  9124  Ib.  (295),  9,334%  Ib.  (283),  and  in  Lord  Radnor's 
herd  9,036  Ib.  (266).  17520's  21362  Rendlesham  Sweet  Pear-3d  c.- 
10867  Ib.  (684).  21830  Rendlesham  Main  Pear  in  2  years  gave  3 
calves  and  13,388%  Ib.  (652).  21290  Sudbourne  Buerre  3d  won  sec- 
ond prize  at  the  1914  R.  A.  S.  E.  Show,  for  milk  56.37  Ibs.,  fat  12.40; 
and  that  of  1915  for  63.37  Ibs.  milk,  fat  13.28.  20021's  21353  [30851] 
Rendlesham  Nomad  on  test  6716.2  Ib.,  fat  357.67. 

10259  Firefly— B8-lst  C.-5423  Ib.;  3d  c.,  9813  Ib.,  was  so  uneven 
a  yielder  that  her  8-yr.  av.  was  6,188  Ib.  Her  11255  Fly,  8-yr.  av., 
7761.1  Ib.  [20619]  Nancy  8502.5  Ib.,  fat  362.17.  The  only  record  of 
B7  was  [23509]  Dolly,  7960.75  Ib.,  fat  347.14.  5096  Rosamond  2d— 
B9,  7-yr.  av.,  6749.7  Ib.  Her  15731  Rendlesham  Rosamond,  with  a 
prolonged  3d  c.  yield,  followed  by  twins,  gave  a  4-yr.  av.  6374.37  Ib. 
8035  Old  Lowestoft— B9  whose  6th  c.  yield  was  6058  Ib.  (291),  by  her 
11474  Lowland  Lassie-lst  c.-6,420  Ib.  (277),  gave-5th  and  6th  c.- 
13,636  Ib.  (447),  and  her  18404  Woodland  Lassie-2d  c.-7,525  Ib.  (227). 
Of  BIO  only  American  records  are  worth  noting:  11298  Gold  Drop, 
11,889  Ib.,  fat  510.62,  and  her  [18099]  Cresco  Goldie,  8,755  Ib.,  fat 
370.81.  [26428]  Goldred  got  by  six  generations  of  Norfolk  blood, 
9,188  Ib.,  fat  336.28. 

Of  the  Bll  Family  there  are  111  records,  made  during  20  years. 
Of  the  many  cows  and  heifers  of  this  family  in  the  Smith  selection 
the  following  are  noteworthy: — 2010  Belle,  whose  best  of  3-yrs.  yield 
was  6,840  Ib.  2175  Eyke  Duchess  lOth-llth  and  12th  calves-21,160 
Ib.  3954  Countess  of  Eyke  3d,  6-yr.  av.,  4578.4  Ib.;  and  2177  Eyke 
Lassie  (15  calves),  4-yr  av.,  4371.3  Ib. 

2177's  3200  Village  Lassie  by  351— -Ql  3-yr.  av.,  6866.4  Ib.,  and  her 
gr.-dr.,  6110  Wild  Lady,  4-yr.  av.,  7833.25  Ib.  (1,279).  6100's  9075 
Wild  Lass-4,th  c.-8,096  Ib.  (357).  Village  Lassie,  in  her  last  year, 
produced,  by  Starston  Hero  2083 — K19,  7748  Chicago  Lassie,  6-yr. 


26  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

av.,  7118.7  lb.  (1925).  7748's  10095  Chicago  Maid,  7-yr.  av.,  7,865  lb.; 
13295  Chicago  Lass-lst  c.-4,882%  lb.  (286),  8-yr.  av.,  7018.7  lb.; 
16347  Chicago  Girl,  2-yr.  av.,  8081.5  lb.  (554);  and  17905  Chicago 
Maiden-lst  c.-7,178  lb.  (290).  10095's  18459  Belle  of  Chicago-lst  c.- 
5,246  lb.  (298),  then  5-yr.  av.,  6,087  lb.  (1,719);  her  26076  Rendles- 
ham  Chicago,  5-yr.  av.,  7,608  lb.  (1,348),  and  20521  Rendlesham  Chi- 
cane's, with  2  calves,  12,150V2  lb.  (630).  13295's  17954  Chicago  Gem, 
in  2d  yr.,  8,193  lb.  (365),  and  her  twin  sister,  17955  Chicago  Jewel, 
6,225  lb.  (356).  20446  Melton  Majivi,  third  generation  from  6110 
Wild  Lady,  4-yr.  av.,  7638.33  lb.  (1,410),  followed  by  10,618  lb.  (354) 
and  10,251  (334).  7625  Wilful  (another  of  Village  Lassie's  gr.  drs.), 
after  1st  c.,  9,077  lb.  (514).  Her  9677  Wilful  2d,  8-yr.  av.,  7115.1 
lb.  (2,551).  9677's  21005  Winsome,  7-yr.  av.,  7730.1  lb.  (2,255),  and 
her  22173  Longford  Fairy,  in  the  years  1913-15,  6,791  lb.  (273), 
9,472  lb.  (339),  10,328  lb.  (364).  Village  Lassie's  Breed  Analysis: 
N.  457,  S.  410.34,  RP.  13260.  Wilful  2d's:  N.  374.90,  S.  428.67,  RP. 
196.39. 

The  2010  Belle  progeny  began  to  make  its  mark  with  3876  Beta- 
1st  c.-8,285  lb.;  3d  c.,  10,247%  lb.  (322);  4-yr.  av.,  7893.6  lb.;  and 
6907  Beatrice-lst  c.-5,566  lb.  (308).  6907's  18442  Beatrice  2d,  5-yr. 
av.,  8301.6  lb.  (1790);  highest  record,  9,686  lb.  (364).  6402  Grand 
Belle  (gr.-dr.  of  2010),  7-yr.  av.,  6789.88  lb.  6402's  8302  Abbess,  4- 
yr.  av.,  was  7570.25  lb.  (994);  her  13474  Fair  Abbess,  7-yr.  av., 
5874.8  lb.  (2294).  13474's  19448  Rendlesham  Abbess-lst  c.-5,109V2 
lb.  (309),  then  3-yr.  av.,  6697.66  lb.  (900);  and  21352  Rendlesham 
Lovely  Abbess,  2-yr.  av.,  6924.5  lb.  (635).  8302's  1715  Rendlesham 
Abigail,  8-yr.  av.,  7753.8  lb.  (2,781);  highest  record,  10,080  lb.  (358). 
10176  Donna  Barbara,  6-yr.  av.,  6742.3  lb.  (2,086);  the  dam  of  18603 
Eyke  Babs,  2-yr.  av.,  5,051  lb.  (681),  and  gr.-dm.  of  18327  Sudbourne 
Babs,  which  at  3-yr.-old  made  4,602  lb.  (194).  18327's  19617  Babs  2d 
6-yr.  av.,  7,237  lb.  18327's  19502  Shameful-lst  c.-5,703  lb.  (204);  a 
late  4-yr.  av.,  8,796  lb.  (1234).  19502's  20682  Cheriton  Shame-2d  c.- 
6,994  lb.  (336);  7th  c.,  7,610  lb.  (306).  21324  Red  Nun,  with  her  dam 
20017  Rendlesham  Fair  Abbess,  was  taken  to  Thornville,  Co.  Wex- 
ford,  by  Major  Meadows,  in  1908,  a  5-yr.  av.,  6000.2  lb.  (1,413);  and 
in  the  year  1915,  7,273  lb.  (365).  20017's  4-yr.  av.,  5189.5  lb.  (1,225); 
her  22246  Red  Nun  2d,  2-yr.  av.,  5064.5  lb.  (594). 

Of  many  other  Bll  records  published,  these  are  of  recent  date: 
18327's  21025  Ashmoor  Florence-5th  c.-8,92iy2  lb.  (344),  6-yr.  av., 
8,534  lb,,  and  her  22417  Ashmoor  Flo,  3  yr.  av.,  8077.3  lb.;  22416 
Ashmoor  Chic-Chic-4th  c.-8,912  lb. 

The  earliest  B12  record  2256  Honeywood  was  made  at  Whitling- 
ham,  6,-yr.  av.,  6,563  lb.;  the  highest,  7,950  lb.  (449),  fat  4.1.  2256's 
5543  Honeycomb-lst  c.-4,660  lb.  (352).  7640  Anemone-5th  c.-9,113  lb. 
(267);  2-yr.  av.,  8,526  lb.  (505).  Her  10932  Auburn,  2-yr.  av.,  8,150 
lb.  (610).  20032  Rendlesham  Sunbeam-lst  C.-6138,  her  21360  [30853] 
Rendlesham  Sundial  7985.13  lb.,  fat  213.63.  21973  Ashmoor  Bessie,  3- 
yr.  av.,  7525.5  lb. 

5026  Motherless— B13  had  a  10-yr.  av.,  5354.75  lb.;  highest  yield, 
5,953%  lb.  (288).  6630  Peach  Girl,  7-yr.  av.,  7261.6  lb  (2332).  8100 
Peach  Leaf  6th,  5  yr.  av.,  5612.4  lb.  7387  Peace,  3-yr  av.,  7687.33  lb. 
(964).  Breed  Analysis:  N.  360.35,  S.  415.86,  RP.  223.77.  7387's  10606 
Peaceful-lst  C.-6592  lb.  (269);  3d  c.,  9,291  lb.  (287);  7th  c.,  11,428 
lb.  (328);  7-yr.  av.,  9,010  lb.;  10-yr.  av.,  8,644  lb.;  her  17347  Pearl 
1st  and  2d  C.-13404  lb.  (798),  followed  by  a  2-year  av.,  7,310  lb.  (625). 
6630's  10607  Peach-lst  C.-6513  lb.  (243),  then  a  2-year  av.,  7,283  lb. 
(679).  8100's  9963  Apricot-4th  to  6th  c.-av.,  7,059  lb.  (1,012),  falling 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  27 

off  to  9th  c.  6,425  Ib.  (317).  Her  20527  Rendlesham  Apricot,  however, 
had  a  4-yr.  av.,  7476.75  Ib.  (1286).  21325  Red  Rag,  a  gr.-dr.  of  9963, 
has  at  Thornville  a  5-yr.  av.  6482.4  Ib.  (1,668);  record  in  1915,  7,932 
Ib.  (336). 

22850  Sudbourne  Minnie,  which  traces  back  to  5026  Motherless, 
had  the  distinction  of  being  first  of  all  the  contending  breeds  at  the 
London  Dairy  Show  of  1914.  When  competing  she  had  been  in  milk 
19  days.  Her  two  mornings'  milk  was  72.6  Ib.,  fat  3.46,  and  the  even- 
ings' 64.6,  fat  3.74:  solids  other  than  fat,  9,98  and  9.36.  She  won  the 
Red  Poll  Society's  prize,  the  Barham  Challenge  Cup  as  scoring  the 

freatest  number  of  points  in  the  milking  trials,  1,449,  and  also  the 
hirley  Challenge  Cup  for  giving  the  greatest  weight  of  the  milk 
in  the  trials.     Her  record  for  1915  was  15,043%  Ib. 

4724  Stout  Fruit— B18  led  off  that  Family's  records  at  Rendles- 
ham-2d  c.-8,447  Ib.  (294),  7,616  Ib.  (280),  9,514  Ib.  (360).  Her  sister 
(both  were  by  581— Ql),  5488  Fresh  Fuss,  5-yr.  av.,  7371.5  Ib.;  her 
best  record,  9,296%  Ib.  (350).  5488's  8553  Fresh  Flora,  6-yr.  av., 
7185.2  Ib.  (1,906);  and  10294  Fussy-3d  c.-8,176  Ib.  (264).  8553's 
13528  Fresh  Flo,  3-yr.  av.,  7,533  Ib.  (968);  16337  Comely  Flora,  after 
2d  c.,  15,442%  Ib.  (620);  3d  c.,  8,713%  Ib.  (365);  and  20524  Rendles- 
ham Florist-lst  c.-7,518  Ib.  (298),  then  6,273  Ib.  (332),  8,248%  Ib. 
(333). 

Of  B20  there  are  17  records  at  Rendlesham,  6  in  America.  4152 
Knockin  3d,  from  5th  c.,  4-yr.  av.,  7085.6  Ib.  6470  Knockin  7th,  the 
progeny  of  the  same  dam,  from  3d  c.,  7-yr.  av.,  7,471  Ib.  (2,347).  4152- 
1st  C.-6050  Turn-in,  3-yr.  av.,  5,793  Ib.  6470's  15723  Rendlesham  Loo- 
1st  c.-5,617  Ib.,  then  8-yr.  av.,  8007.2  Ib.  (2,541);  highest  record-7th 
c.-ll,024%  Ib.  (344);  15723's  21814  Rendlesham  Bridge,  2-yr.  av., 
7025.5  lb.(779);  and  22264  Rendlesham  Lily-lst  c.-7,021  Ib.  (301). 
7275  Lovely  (nearly  allied  to  Knockin  7th)-lst  c.-7,510  Ib.  (3,257); 
subsequent  3-yr.  av.,  7692.6  Ib.  (981).  Lovely's  8862  Pretty,  4-yr.  av., 
7,757  Ib.  (944).  American  series:  [19928]  Lilian,  6,356  Ib.,  fat  276.83 
(282);  8,836  Ib.,  fat  283.1  (317);  8,093  Ib.,  fat  320.33  (304);  10,121  Ib., 
fat  400.35.  Lilian's  [26746]  Lillette,  8563.9  Ib.,  fat  387.37;  5231.5  Ib., 
fat  239.71  (246);  6019.9  Ib.,  fat  262.7  (295);  6842.1  Ib.,  fat  301.79; 
10028.2  Ib.,  fat  451.52;  [27546]  J.  D.  L.  Lilian,  7308.3  Ib.,  fat  261.15; 
9,360  Ib.,  fat  329;  [31729]  J.  D.  L.  Latona,  11053.6  Ib.,  fat  423.57; 
and  [33552]  J.  D.  L.  Linnet,  7390.8  Ib.,  fat  265.33.  Lillette's  [31728] 
Lillette  2d,  7615.5  Ib.,  fat  284.90;  9813.2  Ib.  fat  '442.11;  10891.9  Ib., 
fat  492.29.  J.  D.  L.  Lilian's  [31729]  J.  D.  L.  Lilian  2d,  5560.6  Ib.,  fat 
206,24;  her  [35757]  J.  D.  L.  Laura-lst  C.-7897.2  Ib.,  fat  331.56.  Breed 
Analysis:  10429  Linnett,  d.  of  [19928]  ;  N.  371.85,  S.  430.70,  RP.  197.40. 
[19928]  Lilian,  N.  454.48,  S.  266.78,  RP.  27869.  [34863]  J.  D.  L.  Latona, 
N.  472.37,  S.  180.94,  RP.  346.64. 

The  earliest  of  eleven  B24  records  7065  Doll,  gave,  in  364  days  of 
1899-90,  10,624%  Ibs.  with,  in  287  further  days  of  1890,  7,611  Ib., 
and  in  1902,  7,374%  (364).  Her  gr.-dr.,  21322  Red  Doll,  best  of  5-yr. 
records  (these  in  Ireland),  5,131  Ib.  (259),  4,966  Ib.  (294).  Red  Doll's 
22742  Red  Doll  3d-lst  C.-6907  Ib.  (351),  6,062  Ib.  (350),  6,408  Ib.  (336). 
8522  Faithful,  in  1901,  8th  to  12th  c.,  5-yr.  av.,  8,602  Ib.  (1,415); 
thence  to  15th  c.,  3-yr.  av.,  5795.66  Ib.  (798).  8522's  18881  Rendle- 
sham Fay-lst  c.-6,886  Ib.  (240),  then  57,622  Ib.  (1,981);  4th  c.,  10,286% 
Ib.  (349)  6th  c.,  11414%  Ib.  (347);  7th  c.,  11,390%  Ib.  (320);  total 
yield,  64.278  Ib.  (2,221).  Breed  Analysis:  Faithful  N.  79.43,  S.  853.44 
RP.  66.71;  Rendlesham  Fay  N.  256.00,  S.  517.66,  RP.  226.30.  Of  8522's 


28  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

get  also  15721  Rendlesham  Faith,  4-yr.  av.,  6,176  Ib.  (1,299);  and 
20523  Rendlesham  Faithless,  3-yr.  av.,  7,266  Ib.  (969).  18881's  22259 
Rendlesham  Fancy-2d  c.-7,128V2  Ib.  (344). 


The  E  Group  has  some  of  its  pedigrees  from  the  year  1852,  just 
forty  years  after  G.  B.  George  saw  John  Reeve's  "new  breed  at  Hoik- 
ham,  calculated  its  possible  value,  and  became  one  of  its  realisers. 
He  seems  to  have  been  the  means,  through  Sir  Edward  Kerrison  and 
other  practical  men,  of  improving  the  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  Polled 
cattle  to  such  a  degree  that  just  fifty-two  years  after  a  bull  and  two 
heifers  were  first  exhibited  they  were  a  recognized  breed.  Mr.  G. 
George,  his  elder  son,  had  kept  a  register  more  than  twenty  years, 
but  said  little  to  enlighten  the  collector  of  pedigrees,  when  his  brother, 
Mr.  T.  W.  George,  of  Cringleford  (lands  near  to  Eaton),  on  retiring 
from  farming  in  1873,  sold  his  Red  Polled  herd.  The  Herd  Book,  how- 
ever, was  supplied  with  the  desired  facts.  G.  George's  6-yr.-old  cow, 
412  Polly — Ell,  sold  when  he  retired  in  1876,  has  been  the  means  of 
adding  to  the  repute  of  the  Red  Poll  in  the  United  States. 

4169  Linnet— E2-lst  c.-4,56iy2  Ib.  (350),  with  4th  c.  gave  6,578  V2 
Ib.  (301).  Her  5652  Linnet  2d  (by  lago  1025)-lst  c.-8,714V2  Ib.  (658); 
then  5-yr.  av.,  7,072  Ib.  (1,582),  fat  4.9.  And  5652's  9518  the  Linnet- 
1st  c.-8,040V2  Ib.  (693),  fat  5.7.  9518's  11448  L-mon-lst  c,-7,260  Ib. 
(483),  2-yr.  av.,  6,796  Ib.  (631). 

The  E3  Family,  transferred  in  1889  to  Mr.  E.  Smith  Jameson, 
Mount  Sterling,  Kentucky,  has  only  American  records:  [23497]  Miss 
Matson-3d  c.-6,651  Ib.,  fat  27853;  7,063  Ib.  fat  301.37;  7744.5  Ib.,  fat 
328.92;  8923.9  Ib.,  fat  400.54.  [33551]  J.  D.  L.  Millie,  9413.7  Ib.,  fat 
372.74.  [34870]  J.D.  L.  Lady  Watts-lst  C.-10263.2  Ib.,  fat  412.46. 

5227  Belinda — E  5,  in  Lord  Hastings'  herd  gave  the  first  record- 
ist c.-5,097  Ib.  (264);  6-yr.  av.  6,256  Ib.  (1,816).  Her  9630  Olinda, 
2-yr.  av.,  7,318.5  Ib.  (679). 

The  Ell  records  descended  from  412  Polly,  open  with  3851  Annie 
Belle:  3-yr.  av.,  from  the  4th  c.,  6451.33  Ib.  (925).  Her  dam  was  1985 
Annie,  whose  9th  c.  return  was  4,909  Ib.  (320).  3464  Georgina,  at  Whit- 
lingham  in  1889-91,  recorded-3d  c.-13,850  Ib.  (744),  and  her  6385 
Georgina  2d-lst  c.-5,051%  Ib.  (438),  fat  3.6;  then  6-yr.  av.,  6,896  Ib. 
(1,954).  14825  Donna-4th  c.-10,761  Ib.  (343),  5th  c.,  10,104  Ib.  (322). 
16723  Gold-drop,  gr.-dr.  of  6385,  recorded-lst  c.-8,05lV2  Ib.  (411);  and 
15884  Snowflake,  bred  from  the  Ell's,  ended  that  family's  record  at 
Whitlingham  with-lst  c.-8,916  Ib.  (478).  In  Sir  Walter  Corbet's  herd, 
from  the  same  source,  19606  Acton  Sweetbriar  gave-2d  c.-7,7861/2  Ib. 
(358). 

Breed  Analyses:  412  Polly,  N.  382.5,  S.  300,  RP.  337.5.  1738  Polly 
2d  sent  in  1882  to  Col.  J.  B.  Mead  and  Mr.  Robert  J.  Kimball,  N. 
439.06,  S.  198.43,  RP.  362.5.  8858  Portia,  N.  449.99,  S.  129.09,  RP. 
420.89.  10024  Biddy,  N.  463.57,  S.  80.21,  RP.  456.2.  13205  Biddy  2d, 
N.  427.44,  S.  216.5,  RP.  356.03.  Records:  [26744]  Princess  Portia, 
6536.2  Ib.,  fat  268.84;  6626.8  Ib.,  fat  246.33;  5640.6  Ib.,  fat  222.57.  Her 
[34866]  J.  D.  L.  Belmont,  9286.8  Ib.,  fat  395.91. 

E12  Family  records  have  been  regularly  made  at  Heytesbury, 
Wilts.  Lord  Heytesbury  founded  a  Red  Polled  herd  there  in  1893,  which 
Margaret  Lady  Heytesbury  has  well  maintained  to  the  present  time. 
All  the  records  are  from  descendants  of  5158  Susanna  5th.  15073 
Heytesbury  Frederica,  6,759  Ib.  (283).  Her  gr.-dr.,  19822  Heytesbury 
Fredleaf  2d,  6-yr.  av.,  6581.3  Ib.  (1,720);  highest  record-7th  c.-7,559 
Ib.  (304).  Her  21205  Heytesbury  Pendant,  4-yr.  av.,  7,201  Ib.  (1,161); 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  29 

21681  Heytesbury  Passion  1st,  5,371  Ib.  (234);  then  6,459  Ib.  (306), 
6,306  Ib.  (257).  Third  in  descent  from  15073,  20397  Heytesbury-Su- 
sanna-lst  c.-5,848  Ib.  (238),  then  5-yr.  'av.,  6,750.2  Ib.  (1,367);  highest 
record,  7,448  Ib.  (273).  Her  23052  Heytesbury  Hanna-lst  c.  (in  1914)- 
5,584  Ib.  (235).  21202  Heytesbury  Patience-lst  c.-7,086  Ib.  (343); 
22612  Heytesbury  Susan  3d  1st  c.-6,507  Ib.  (263);  2d  c.  9,850  Ib  (365). 

In  another  line  of  descent  from  587  Susanna,  22625  Horton  Peach 
has  a  record  of  (in  1912)  8,248  Ib.  (308);  in  1914,  6,832  Ib.  (243).  Her 
22974  Cheriton  Peach-2d  c.-7,949*4  Ib.  (298),  fat  4.60.  [34831]  Saucy'& 
Pride,  8178.5  Ib.,  fat  313.79  (297). 

The  E13  Family  got  a  strong  foundation  at  Elmham  through 
Davyson  3d  48  and  Rufus  188,  then  passed  into  Mr.  Hy.  Birkbeck's 
herd  at  Stoke,  and  thence  to  Whitlingham,  where  2159  Elizabeth 
opened  the  record-5th  c.-6,702  Ib.  (350),  6  yr.  av.,  7,833  Ib.  (2136), 
fat  3.4  to  6.8.  2159's  gr.-dr.  7842  Ethel  2d-lst  C.-7542  Ib.  (444);  and 
7842's  11206  Ethel  3d-2d  c.-6,826  Ib.  (427);  4th  c.,  8,792  Ib.  16555 
Ellen  3d,  another  of  the  Whitlingham  E13's,  1st  c.  November  15th, 
1902,  recorded  to  December  31st,  2,954 V2  Ib.  (43),  in  1903  6,682  Ib. 
(365),  and  on  March  31st?,  1904,  when  her  week's  yield  was  132%  Ib., 
had  to  her  credit  a  total  yield  11,509  Ib.  in  521  days.  The  sale  cata- 
logue credited  her  with  a  1904  yield  5,566 Va  Ib.  and  2d  calf. 


Two  Families  of  F  Group  are  recorded:  6793  Success — F4,  7-yr. 
av.,  5450.93  Ib.  (1,970).  Her  17063  Magnolia  1st  c.-5,465  Ib.  (280); 
then  7-yr.  av.,  6,665  Ib.  (1,892).  17063's  20443  Majimag-lst  c.- 
SfllSy*  Ib.  (511),  20789  Melton  Magnum-lst  c.-  5445%  Ib.  (364), 
21259  Melton  Daisy-lst  c.-8,10iy2  Ib.  (316);  2d  c.  9478  Ib.  (348),  21730 
Melton  Baroness,  3-yr.  av.,  7,788  Ib.  (899),  and- 22670  Melton  Constance, 
from  November  12th,  1912,  1st  c.,  8,985  Ib.  (415),  milked  to  March 
15th,  1914;  on  March  18th,  2d  c.,  and  the  year's  yield  6,624  Ib.  (363). 
20443's  22675  Melton  Ruby,  1st  c.  October  15th,  1913;  2d  c.  September 
30th,  1914;  milk  yield  the  434  days,  7,988 V2  Ib. 

Lord  Heytesbury,  at  the  starting  of  his  herd,  bought  two  F4 
and  two  F6.  There  has  been  a  re-registry,  with  Heytesbury  added 
to  the  former  names,  and  new  numbers.  (These  are  now  quoted). 
15092  Heytesbury  Silk— F4-3d  c.-6,878  Ib.  (313).  Her  19831  Heytes- 
bury Silk  3d,  7-yr.  av.,  6,777.14  Ib.  1,905);  highest  record,  8,155  Ib. 
(296);  and  22,611  Heytesbury  Satin-lst  c.-with  yield-2d  c.  from  De- 
cember 2d,  1913,  6,507  Ib.  (252),  then  9,850  Ib.  (365). 

The  earliest  F6  record  1737  Poll  was  at  Whitlingham-6,th  to  9th 
c-4-yr.  av.,  7,078  Ib.  (1,169).  2961  Maud— the  dr.  of  1680  Moll,  twin 
of  1737  Poll— was  bought  by  Lord  Heytesbury.  Her  15078  Heytes- 
bury Magnetic  was  dam  of  15077  Heytesbury  Magnet,  7,684  Ib.  (323), 
and  15084  Heytesbury  Perennial,  6073  Ib.  (243).  15084's  19824  Heytes- 
bury Perennial  2d,  3-yr.  av.,  6391.66  Ib.  (865),  and  19823  Heytesbury 
Oak  Apple-lst  c.-  5,673  Ib  (309).  19824's  22608  Heytesbury  Peren- 
nial 3d,  16719  Ib.  (287),  7847  Ib.  (298). 


Mr.  John  Hammond's  HI  and  H2  Families  have  won  many  a 
prize  in  Royal  and  other  competitions  for  beauty  of  form  and  high 
worth  as  beef  cattle.  Some  70  milk  records  may  be  found  to  evidence 
good  value  in  .the  other  condition;  for  which  the  dual-purpose  cattle 
will  yet  be  held  to  be  the  most  satisfying  of  all  needs  in  farm  econom- 
ics. Reference  has  been  made  in  the  note  on  Milk  Records  to  the 


30  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

daily  yield  of  1451  Davy  27th— HI  from  August  20th,  1892,  to  April 
30th,  1893.  A  brief  analysis  of  the  record  may  be  of  value  for  com- 
parison not  only  with  the  Red  Polled  averages  set  forth  in  these 
pages,  but  also  with  records  of  the  yield  of  other  breeds,  dairy  as 
well  as  dual-purpose.  On  the  5th  day  of  the  record  the  yield  was 
42  pints;  the  8th  to  19th,  48— save  two  days,  44;  to  26th,  52  to  56; 
the  next  22  days,  48  to  40;  25  days  of  October,  38  to  36;  November, 
41  and  40;  December,  5  days,  40;  26  days  and  on  to  January  24th, 
39;  then  to  March  28th,  38  to  33,  4  days,  26;  and  on  to  April  30th, 
24  to  22.  At  the  last  named  date  the  total  was  9,349  pints  (11,218.8 
Ib.)  in  251  days,  and  she  was  then  yielding  154  pints  (1921/2  Ib.)  for 
the  week.  As  Davy  27th  gave  birth  to  2741  Davy  54th  on  August 
5th,  1893,  it  calls  for  little  guesswork  to  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
she  would  have  increased  her  total  to  something  like  10,000  pints 
(12,250  Ib).  No  other  record  is  available  from  Bale,  so  there  are 
wanting  details  to  estimate  how  much  of  this  result  was  due  to  en- 
vironment. All  the  HI  cows  bred  there  are  registered  as  Davy  with 
an  appended  number. 

4851  Davy  87th,  4,th  in  descent  from  167  Davy  5th  (which  was 
dam  of  Davy  27th),  5th  c.,  8,714y2  Ib.  (288);  9th  c.,  9,866  Ib.  (265); 
6-yr.  av.,  7698.4  Ib.  (1,659).  6288  Davy  99th-3d  c.-  10,881  V2  Ib.  (681). 
2289  Lady  Day,  2-yr.  av.,  6,683  Ib.  (682).  Her  5773  Mrs.  Gamp,  7- 
yr.  av.,  6,354.28  Ib.  (2210),  and  5492  Galatea,  5  yr.  av.,  8079.4  Ib. 
(1,636);  highest  record,  9,408  Ib.  2289's  gr.-dr.  8026  May  Queen, 
7-yr.  av.,  8378.57  Ib.  (2,141);  highest  records,  7th  c.,  10,144  Ib.  (322); 
8th  c.,  9,861  ^  Ib.  (322).  These  records  were  made  at  Melton  Con- 
stable, in  the  same  area  of  Norfolk  as  Bale.  Turning  to  a  very  dif- 
ferent environment:  10849  Troston  Davy  2d  (on  Lord  Rothschild's  es- 
tate), 3-yr.  av.,  6,083  Ib.  (914).  Her  11899  Troston  Davy  3d-lst  c.- 
7,623  Ib.  (327);  6-yr.  av.,  6690.8  Ib.  (1,975);  highest  record,  7,980 
Ib.  (341).  With  her,  18736  Troston  Davy  4th-lst  c.-18,905  Ib,  (408), 
2d  c.,  9,452  Ib.  (319).  13390's  Davy  Lass  2-yr.  av.,  5412.5  Ib.  (529). 
19114  Daphne-lst  c.-6,015  Ib.  (428);  2d  c.,  6,283  'b.  (490).  20457  Molly 
Bawn's  (bred  in  West  Suffolk)  21032  Ashmoor  Molly  (removed  to 
East  Suffolk)-6th  c.-6,241  Ib.  (332);  21978  Ashmoor  Mary-lst  c.- 
6,491  Ib.  (354),  and  22420  Ashmoor  Margaret-2d  C.-6666.2  Ib.  (336). 

American  Records:  15647  Princess  5th,  7065.8  Ib.,  fat  231.39. 
16457  Davy  213-th,  9871.25  Ib.,  fat  329.22.  [19119]  Vetie,  5986.9  Ib., 
fat  238.67  (282).  [24136]  Kate  7884.7  Ib.,  fat  351.  [24137]  Beauty, 
8739.5  Ib.,  fat  359.73;  her  [30940]  Betty,  7092.4  Ib.,  fat  292.75. 
[28208]  Dolly,  9453.1  Ib.,  fat  374.89  (334).  [29605]  Daisy,  8079.3  Ib., 
fat  301.12;  12939.1  Ib.,  fat  501.83  (352).  [29972]  Dell,  8459.6  Ib.,  fat 
294.67.  [31224]  Dale,  8350.4  Ib.,  fat  293.11. 

Breed  Analyses:  167  Davy  5th,  N.  800,  RP.  200;  1451  Davy  27th, 
N.  628.12,  S.  40.62,  RP.  331.25  [24137]  Beauty,  N.  544.64,  S.  99.42, 
RP.  355.89.  [30940]  Betty,  N.  501.66,  S.  180.17,  RP.  318.11. 

73  Buttercup — H2,  which,  as  a  2-yr.-old  heifer  was  a  Royal  and 
County  winner,  Mr.  J.  J.  Colman  bought  at  100  guineas  from  Mr. 
Hammond,  won  yet  other  honors,  and  in  due  course  the  third  of  de- 
scent from  her,  2123  Daisy  Chain,  was  transferred  to  Whitlingham. 
5th  c.,  she  recorded  7,650  Ib.  (478),  6th  c.  6,580  Ib.  (361),  and 
a  3-yr.  av.  followed  4,786  Ib.  (856).  2487  Red  Daisy  having  the  same 
gr.  d.,  823  Daisy  3d,  also  came:  3d  c.  9,555  Ib.  (357),  4th  c.  8,579% 
Ib.  (311),  then  7,485  Ib.  (325),  and  lastly  6th  c.-ll,269y2  Ib.  (424). 
4000  Easter,  from  the  same  dam — 1474  Easton  Daisy-lst  c.-9,0091/4 
Ib.  (617),  and  5  calves  after  that,  av.  5,022  Ib.  (1,436),  fat  3.2  to  4.1. 
2123's  7707  Daisy  Chain-lst  c.-7,524  Ib.  (357),  fat  3.2;  6,809  Ib.  (305); 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  31 

8,906  Ib.  (328).  1474's  3818  Whitlingham  Daisy  was  sold  to  Captain 
V.  T.  Hills  with  her  5190  Amarylis,  and  her  calf  Whitlingham  Chief 
and  H2  stock  were  thus  introduced  into  the  United  States  as  HI  had 
been  in  1882.  Record  of  [26749]  Flossie  (5th  in  descent  from  Ama- 
ryllis), 9067.1  Ib.,  fat  357.24;  12929.5  Ib.  fat  531.17.  [28994]  Flora 
(progeny  of  the  same  dam  16647  Floe,  and  sire  Marmion  5674), 
5316.5  Ib.,  fat  234.64;  7,442  Ib.,  fat  320.81. 

Breed  Analyses:  1474  Easton  Daisy,  N.  368.75  RP.  631.25.  3818 
Whitlingham  Daisy,  N.  450.15,  S.  28.71,  RP.  511.13.  5190  Amaryllis, 
N.  505.85,  S.  4306,  RP.  451.07.  16647  Floe,  N.  516.82,  S.  589.63, 
RP.  393.92.  [26749]  Flossie,  N.  535.78,  S.  92.19,  RP.  371.96. 


The  Hudson  Red  Polled- with  its  Reeve  blood,  as  bred  at  Billing- 
ford  for  many  years,  was  in  1859  introduced  into  the  Elmham  herd. 
A  later  addition  516  Ruby — 12  was  bought  in  1866  for  the  Marham 
herd,  and  the  progeny  got  a  further  addition  of  the  Reeve  blood.  Mr. 
A.  J.  Smith,  in  1882,  bought  at  Marham  a  young  heifer  2791  Eyke 
Jennie.  By  a  large  measure  of  Suffolk  blood  was  got  4018  Eyke  Jane, 
11-yr.  av.,  5943.34  Ib.;  highest  record-8th  c.-7,835%  Ib.  (355).  4018's 
7456  Squaw-lst  c.-5,870  Ib.  (323),  then  3-yr.  av.,  7,406  Ib.  (933); 
and  7845  Eyke  Jessie,  which  transferred  to  Whitlingham  in  October, 
in  1896,  with  2d  c.  gave  8,852  V2  Ib.  (371),  fat  3.2;  then  6,588  &  Ib. 
(289),  followed  by  10,325V2  Ib.  (297),  10,624  Ib.  (320),  11,097%  Ib. 
(340).  Breed  Analyses:  2791  Eyke  Jennie,  N.  476.56,  S.  77.34.  RP. 
446.9.  4019,  N.  425.78,  S.  324.60,  RP.  249.60.  7845  Eyke  Jessie,  N. 
429.88,  S.  371.81,  RP.  198.28.  7845's  16603  Eyke  Jessie  2d-lst  c.- 
6,914  V2  Ib.  (327),  and  from  1906,  5-yr  av.,  7210.4  Ib.  (1,487).  7456's 
15900  Squaw  2d-lst  c.-9,982  Ib.  (631);  2d  c.,  6,337V2  Ib.  (272).  Third 
in  descent  from  2791,  12266  Eyke  Judy,  3-yr  av.,  6805.33  Ib.  (867); 
13408  Eyke  Jeannette,  6-yr.  av.,  7521.7  Ib.  (1,948);  15158  Jessie-lst 
c.-13,007%  Ib.  (728);  13470  Eyke  Joyous-2d  c.-9,794  Ib.  (624);  and 
18027  Eyke-lst  c.-7,385  Ib.  18027's  21635  Echo,  3-yr.  av.,  6,586  Ib. 
(963). 

Mr.  Savory,  of  Rudham  Grange,  was  one  of  the  early  Norfolk 
adopters  of  the  Reeve  material.  19,  112,  and  113  cows  made  a  few 
records.  3272  Bridesmaid— 19  (bred  at  Troston),  from  10th  c.,  had 
a  4-yr.  av.  8406.5  Ib.  (1,235).  6499  Lovely  4th— 112,  6-yr.  av.,  6,980 
Ib.  (2,063),  fat  4.0;  highest  record,  2d  c.,  8,265%  Ib.  (350).  6501 
Lovely  7th— 112-lst  c.-4,774%  Ib.,  then  8-yr.  av.,  6416.3  Ib.  (2,452), 
fat  3.8  to  4.5.  18148  Lottie  2d— 112-lst  c.-8,998V2  Ib.  10343  Heroine 
—113,  4-yr.  av.,  6,371  Ib.  (1,083).  2270  Jessie— 121  (the  Hudsoh  of 
Quarles  strain),  8th  c.,  6,457%  Ib.  (360). 


Of  the  old-time  Red  Polled  herds  which  were  in  the  Kimberly 
district,  only  a  few  survived  the  rinderpest  cattle  plague.  6376  Gal 
2d— K15  had  a  7-yr.  av.,  8,005  Ib.  (2,302);  top  record,  8th  c.,  9,9151/i 
Ib.  (305).  Gal  4th-lst  c.-6,528%  Ib.  (413),  fat  3.8.  6376's  10185  Dor- 
othy-lst  c.-10,813  Ib.  (483).  3895  Atkins  2d— K17  (5th  in  descent 
from  90  Cherry,  which  B.  Brown  had  rescued  from  the  Coston  herd), 
7-yr.  av.,  5856.5  Ib  (2,084).  Cherry's  599  Thursford  Queen,  at  Thorn- 
Jiam,  gave  High  Suffolk  breeders  access  to  the  prime  strain.  5876 
Queen  D.  3d  (4th  from  599),  at  Tring  Park,  4-yr.  av.,  10,409  Ib.  (1,196). 
13912  Minnow,  4  calves,  av.,  5,045  Ib.  (1,111);  her  19899  Melton  Maji- 
mina-lst  c.-5,483y2  Ib.  (308),  then  6-yr.  av.,  8444.66  Ib.  (1,990).  [22638] 


32  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

Lady,  8370.7  lb.,  fat  313.70;  8189.8  lb.,  fat  286.88  (338);  9346.6  lb., 
fat  333.45  [27711]  Lady  2d,  7405.4  lb.,  fat  277.4;  7631.5  lb.,  fat  290.76. 

Of  K18  there  are  only  American  records.  [21885]  Princess,  9,326 
lb.,  fat  391.77.  [36378]  Rozelle,  10121.5  lb.,  fat  422.07.  Of  K19,  only 
English  17264  Nellie  6th,  4-yr.  av.,  8657.5  lb.  (1,252).  19075  Chedda, 
5-yr.  av.,  7,085  lb.  (1,327).  K23  has  only  American  records.  [19435] 
Countess  2d,  5589.5  lb.,  fat  250.03  (242);  8,670  lb.,  fat  357.02  (347); 
6539.9  lb.,  fat  229.45  (268).  [24608]  Jane,  9838.35  lb.,  fat  420.11; 
9528.5  lb.,  fat  400.37.  [24607]  Jennie,  8155.4  lb.,  fat  341.23  (334); 
and  her  [31090]  Jennie  Red,  5342.2  lb.,  fat  272.3  (340);  5835.9  lb., 
fat  285.37  (315).  [28454]  Claw,  9420.9  lb.,  fat  413.34.  K24  com- 
pletes the  Palmer  of  Wilby  contribution  to  the  K  Group.  4911  Frag- 
iel,  3-yr.  av.,  5789.9  lb.  (756);  her  7329  Miss  Fragile-lst  c.-5,853% 
lb.  (441),  and  4th  in  descent  from  4911,  18036  Fanny,  2-yr  av.,  6,146 
lb..  (568). 

K25  and  K26  Families  are  progeny  of  two  cows,  each  from  an 
old  herd  near  Watton.  Grand-daughters  of  3638  Patience:  9355  Found 
— K25,  lO-yr.-old  record,  9,248  lb.  (425),  and  12009  Belle,  17,549  lb. 
(803).  12789  Plum  was  taken  to  Wisconsin  by  Mr.  J,  W.  Martin, 
where,  in  1905,  was  bred  a  gr.-dr.  [24888]  Pear,  by  Corporal  4313 — 
Tl-lst  c.-6,387  lb.,  fat  262.98,  followed  by  9,183  lb.,  fat  445.45; 
7616.2  lb.,  fat  338.68  (340);  9544.6  lb.,  fat  419.89;  13160.6  lb.  fat  603- 
.66;  9,177  lb.,  fat  407.17;  8183.1  lb.,  fat  372.2  (287).  Pear's  daughters 
[28991]  J.  D.  Pear,  7,450  lb.,  fat  304.86  (322);  13538.4  lb.,  fat  546.34; 
16598.4  lb.,  fat  407.24;  [31726]  J.  D.  L.  Peach,  6115.3  lb.,  fat  271.87; 
7264.4  lb.,  fat  312.54;  11357.2  lb.,  fat  501.08;  and  [33553]  J.  D.  L.  Plum, 
8451.9  lb.,  fat  421.60.  J.  D.  Pear's  [35782]  J.  D.  L.  Pineapplle,  6871.1 
lb.,  fat  301.03.  From  [18801]  Peach— which  was  also  the  dam  of 
Pear— [28400]  Pattie,  6,591  lb.,  fat  282.16  (304);  10490.3  lb.,  fat 
435.14.  Tracing  to  the  same  1723  Patience,  12323  Fondle,  10-yr-old 
record,  6014.05  lb.,  fat  292.69  (335);  [22712]  Flora,  6553.25  lb.,  fat 
263.83  (335,  in  milk  396) ; -[24229]  Freda,  8220.4  lb.,  fat  334.52;  [26869] 
Fret,  6254.2  lb.,  fat  252.03  (257);  [28397]  Pretty,  8,482  lb.,  fat  270.74 
(324);  9861.6  lb.,  fat  396.16. 

Breed  Analyses:  Plum,  N.  421.41,  S.  381.40,  RP.  197.15.  Peach, 
N.  511.67,  S.  209.74,  RP.  278.55.  Pear,  N.  521.11,  S.  135.43,  RP.  343.42. 
J.  D.  L.  Pear,  N.  511.20,  S.  156.53,  RP.  332.22. 

The  only  K26  records:  18896  Rude,  2-yr.  av.,  7,482  lb.  19748 
Duel-2d  c.-6,932  lb.  (289). 


L3  Family  is  descended  from  old  Elmham  stock,  brought  to  Mile- 
ham.  19162  Ella,  4-yr.  av.,  8931.65  lb.;  yr.  1914  record,  10,954  lb., 
fat  4.14  (321).  19759  Emma  7th,  2-yr.  av.,  6543.5  lb.  (496).  22882 
Wroxham  Elf-lst  c.-6,469  lb.  (248);  2d  c.,  8,151  lb.  (359). 

L3  American  records:  [24874]  Ethel,  9597.1  lb.,  fat  415.2.  [25896] 
Upshot  2d,  9,959  lb.,  fat  370.17.  [26618]  Floss,  11602.9  lb.,  fat  449.99. 
[26619]  Flora,  6982.3  lb.,  fat  262.11;  12,590  lb.,  fat  593.73.  [28389] 
Missie,  6051.7  lb.,  fat  215.77  (317).  [29275]  Gipsy,  7411.8  lb.,  fat 
305.65  (313).  [29276]  Goldie,  8248.5  lb.,  fat  304.43;  9289.1  lb.,  fat 
360.99  (333).  [29278]  Gale,  6912.5  lb.,  fat  244.53  (357);  10664.4  lb., 
fat  400.13  (343).  [29279]  Hannah,  7592.4  lb.,  fat  305.89.  [30939] 
Minnie's  Last,  8476.3  lb.,  fat  308.79  (358).  [33015]  Rosa,  5196.9  lb., 
fat  213.34  (296).  [33016]  Blaze,  8087.8  lb.,  fat  262.47.  [35139] 
Inez,  8373.7  lb.,  fat  320.44  (321);  11082.20  lb.,  fat  438.9. 

4186  Lula— L9  (from  a  Wending  herd)— 1st  c.-5,461  lb.  (269), 
4th  c.  7,547  lb.,  fat  4.3  (297).  6997  Chestnut,  10-yr.  av.,  5289.4  lb.,  fat 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  33 

3.8  to  4.7  (2866).  Her  9014  Sweet  Chestnut,  3-yr  av.,  5,798  Ib.  (872). 
9915  Wild  Rose,  3-yr.  av.,  7444.66  Ib.  ,(1,024).  9014's  13627  Honest 
Wayward-3d  c.-6,955  Ib.  (397);  5th  and  6th  c.,  18,800  Ib.  (693).  19290 
Lark,  7-yr.  av.,  7,345  Ib.  (2,312);  highest  record,  10,220%  Ib.,  butter 
459  Ib.  .(302). 

L12  from  an  old  herd  at  Longham,  18148  Lottie  2d-4th  c.-l  1,833% 
Ib.  (329),  5th  c.  11,728%  Ib.  (351).  19874  Kintore-lst  C.-11443  Ib. 
(723). 


M2  Family,  believed  to  be  of  A5  stock,  introduced  into  the  Mar- 
ham  herd.  2356  Marham,  1887-90,  4-yr.  total,  26,510%  Ib.  (1,294). 
7189  Hopeful,  6-yr.  av.,  6737.28  Ib.  (1,788);  highest  record,  8,067  Ib. 
(315).  M5  of  Eaton  stock,  4927  Glee-lst  c.-7,791%  Ib.  (442),  2d  c. 
6,200%  Ib.  (287).  11270  Gay,  4-yr.  av.,  6,603  Ib.  (1,369).  [28393] 
Gay,  7,219.3  Ib.,  fat  326.66. 


Of  the  N  Group,  there  are  records  from  Nl  to  7  and  N24,  all 
tracing  back  to  the  early  days  of  the  18th  century,  and  N17,  which 
from  the  Oakley*  strain,  combined  good  form  and  substance  with 
heavy  milking  qualities.  As  there  are  full  records  taken  at  Necton 
Hall  Farm  30  years,  those  are  here  selected  to  evidence  the  progres- 
sive inheritance. 

1733  Phoebe— Nl  got  13  calves:  8th  to  10th  C.-7955.66  Ib.  (970), 
3-yr.  lesser  av.,  6,146  Ib.  (877).  Fourth  in  descent  from  1733,  18548 
Dame,  10-yr.  av.,  6981.1  Ib.  (3,166);  her  22662  Longford  Mandoline 
3d  c.-9,472  Ib.  (332).  18053  Frosty  Face-3d  c.-8,084  Ib.  (282);  5th 
c.-8,231  Ib.  (331);  10th  c.,  5,662  Ib.  (245).  Her  21102  Cheriton  Per- 
dition-lst  c.-12,401  Ib.  (427);  4th  c.,  8,690  Ib.  (320),  and  22046  Cher- 
iton Frost-lst  c.-7,894  Ib.  (340). 

Of  N2  Family  there  are  42  records  of  descendants  of  342  Minnie, 
which  Lord  Sondes  bought  of  Col.  Mason  in  1856,  and  which  was 
sired  by  the  Red  Polled  that  won  -at  the  Norwich  R.  A.  S.  E.  in  1849. 
Daughters  went  to  Mr.  Colman's  at  Easton,  to  Marham,  and  to  Tros- 
ton  a  while  before  the  Herd  Book  was  founded.  3244  Barbara,  from 
the  Marham  stock,  averaged  with  5th  and  6th  c.  6318.75  Ib.  (646). 
Her  8028  Meddlesome-4th  to  6th  c.-av.  7684.66  Ib.  (1,262).  4th  in 
descent  from  3244,  20788  Melton  Maggie-lst  c.-8,149  Ib.  (350),  then 
4-yr.  av.,  8316.75  Ib.  (1,166),  and  in  1914-flth  c.-10,733%  Ib.  (291). 
Her  22671  Melton  Florry,  3  calves,  2-yr.  av.,  8839.5  Ib.  (685).  4th 
in  descent  from  3244,  13958  Muriel,  6-yr.  av.,  8143.5  Ib.  (1,759):  top 
record-7th  c.-10,219  Ib.  (316).  3d  in  descent  at  Troston  from  342, 
7373  Omelet-4th  c.-ll,425  Ib.,  5th  c.  10,514  Ib.,  6th  c.  (11,045  (952); 
Her  9857  Sweet  Omelet-2d  c.-6,992  (318),  4th  c.  7,832  Ib.  (371);  7-yr. 
av.,  6942.14  Ib.  (2,337):  13600  Hastoe  Tulip-4th  to  6th  c.  av.-8513.33 
Ib.  (802).  6th  in  descent  from  342,  4997  Maggie,  8  calves,  av.  6749 
Ib.,  fat  3.8  to  4.7  (2,452).  Her  13823  Maggie  2d,  2-yr.  av.,  5520.5 
Ib.  (569),  and  13823's  17075  Maple-lst  c.-6,104  Ib.  [34036]  Minnie  2d, 
7732.2  Ib.,  fat  308.11;  9512.8  Ib.,  fat  395.32.  Breed  Analysis:  N. 
548.76,  S.  236.57,  RP.  214.62. 

Of  N4  records  122:  The  earliest  1496  Empress  5th-10th  c.-7-yr. 
av.,  5470.28  Ib.;  top  record-lOth  c.-8,738  Ib.  (257).  Her  gr.-dr.,  9562 
Mempriss-8th  c.-7,291  Ib.,  fat  3.99  (335);  8th  c.,  8,171  Ib.,  fat  4.33 
(256).  4th  from  Empress,  10746  Rustle,  9-yr.  av.,  7401.36  Ib.,  fat 
3.73  to  4.9  (3,182).  10207  Effigy-7th  c.-8,438  Ib.,  fat  3.4  (344);  10th 
c.,  10,552%  Ib.,  fat  3.2  (365);  12th  c.,  9,116%  Ib.,  fat  3.8  (353).  Her 


34  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

18602  Expectation-lst  c.-6,1813/4  lb.,  fat  3.9  (337);  8-yr.  av.,  6130.37 
Ib.  (2,413).  Expectation's  21162  Evangeline  lst-5th  c.  av.-5511.8  lb.; 
1915  record,  6,046  lb.,  fat  4.4  (295).  4388  Rosina  3d,  9-yr.  av.,  6480.1 
lb.,  fat  3.7  to  4.5  3,152);  8th  c.,  7,163  lb.  (365);  9th  c.,  7,472  lb.  (366). 
4549  Eugenie  4th,  8-yr.  av.,  5171.1  lb.,  fat  3.6  (2,649);  her  gr.-dr., 
11272  Geenie,  9-yr.  av.,  7355.6  lb.,  fat  3.4  to  4.15  (2,600,  4  last  years 
milked  1,460  days).  Geenie's  19220  Gemma,  9-yr.  av.,  9,009  lb.,  fat 
3.7  to  4.4  (3,279,  not  dry  2d  to  5th  c.)  [25106]  Leona,  11069  lb.,  fat 
469.52.  [26498]  Liza,  10807.75  lb.,  fat  545.25.  [26501]  Lily  Davy, 
9404.25  lb.,  fat  390.96.  [29110]  Luna  Davy,  8,573  lb.,  fat  379.4*6. 
[30808]  Popular  Luna,  10,038  lb.,  fat  435.98.  [31335]  Popular  Liza, 
8,689  lb.,  fat  375.73  (305).  [31352]  Lady  Rose,  9592.25  lb.,  fat  437.72. 
[31357]  Luna  Lassie,  10765.75  lb.,  fat  502.32. 

Breed  Analyses:  1496  Empress,  N.  737.5,  S.  159.37,  RP.  103.12. 
Mempriss,  N.  658.34,  S.  137.24,  RP.  304.40.  Geenie,  N.  461.95,  S. 
279.49,  RP.  158.52.  Gemma,  N.  496.25,  S.  170.30,  RP.  333.40.  [18552] 
Luna,  N.  461.79,  S.  190.72,  RP.  347.44.  [31357]  Luna  Lassie,  N.  460.76, 
S.  285.07,  RP.  254.13. 

Of  N5  the  records  are  few.  5117  Sheba  3d,  9-yr.  av.,  8140.77 
lb.,  fat  3.62  to  4.0  (3,145).  Her  gr.-dr.'s  18095  Sceptre,  4-yr.  yield, 
8,103%  lb.  to  9,360  lb.,  av.  8403.87  lb.,  and  15893  Spitfire-lst  c.-6,907 
lb.  (361). 

The  50  records  of  N6  open  with  3988  Daystar,  10-yr.  av.,  6,660 
lb.,  fat  3.3  to  3.75  (last  3  yrs.  1,095).  From  the  same  dam,  2751  Day- 
light—N6,  9290  Dusk  4th-8th  c.-5-yr.  av.,  7565.3  lb.,  fat  4.2  to  5.0 
(1,667).  Her  18587  Duchess-lst  c.-6,904%  lb.,  fat  3.5  (351)  10-yr. 
av.,  7142.4.  Duchess'  20316  Duchess  of  Necton-lst  c.-7,487  lb.  (365), 
6-yr.  av.,  6587.6  lb.,  fat  3,4  to  4.3  (2,390);  5th  c.,  7,000%  lb.,  fat  4.3 
(330).  12216  Dot-lst  and  2d  c.-6,678V2  lb.,  4,740  lb.  (730),  then  3-yr. 
av.,  6217.75  lb.,  fat  3.8  to  4.20  (2,684);  last  year,  6,477  lb.  (365).  Her 
21630  Dove,  2-yr.  av.,  7290.5  lb.,  fat  3.8  (630).  18471  Bifrons  Queen- 
3d  c.-8,100  lb.  (411).  19103  Crescent-lst  c.-8,073  lb.  (500).  22328 
Star  6th,  3-yr.  av.,  9925.5  lb.,  fat  4.7.  18162  Medlar-3d  c.-9,074% 
lb.  (280);  5th  c.,  10,040%  lb.  (308);  5  other  years'  av.,  7,939  lb.  (1,601). 

Breed  Analyses:  Daylight,  N.  490.23,  S.  248.33,  RP.  26142.  Day- 
star,  N.  519.49,  S.  164.0,  RP.  256.49. 

3068  Princess — N17  record,  made  30  years  ago,  8,030  lb.  (304), 
then  2-yr.  av.,  6471.5  lb.  (644).  Her  3d  in  descent,  11038  Caister  Prin- 
cess-5th  c.-6,680%  lb.  (319).  20217  Bockmer  Carnation-3d  c.-5,197 
lb.  (319).  1724  Patsie— N24-5,th  c.-7,420  lb.  (311);  6th  c.,  7,563%  lb. 
(307).  Her  gr.-dr.,  11684  Pearl  1st  c.-4,646  lb.  (428),  then  4-yr.  av., 
7,270  lb.  (1,264). 


Reference  has  been  made  to  Sir  Edward  Kerrison's  good  work 
at  Oakley  and  Brome,  on  the  northwest  border  of  High  Suffolk.  There 
would  seem  to  have  been  no  private  register  of  breeding,  while  Red 
Polled  cattle  were  frequently  sent  by  him  as  competitors  from  the 
Cambridge  R.  A.  S.  E.  Show  in  1840.  The  earliest  milk  records  are 
of  the  closing  years  at  Whitlingham  of  2446  Pink — Ol.  Her  3242 
Ashlyns  Pink,  3-yr.  av.,  5513.33  lb.;  3913  Carnation,  4th  to  6th  c.,  av. 
6774.33  lb.  (1,009);  12th  and  13th  c.,  av.  7,415%  lb.  (700);  and  6171 
Ashlyns  Sybil,  5-yr.  av.,  7797.4  lb.  (1,407).  3913's  7645  Ashlyns  Ca- 
nation  2d,  7-yr.  av.,  6650.8  lb.,  and  17892  Ashlyns  Carnation  6th-4th 
c.-7,109  lb.  (364).  7645's  gr.-dr.,  19900  Majiminor  5th-8th  c.-av., 
8402.25  lb.  (1,270);  her  23126  Melton  Princess  1st,  5,165%  lb.  (320). 
Daughters  of  1362  Careless— 02  recorded  at  Whitlingham:  2875 
Heedless,  6-yr.  av.,  7545.2  lb.  (1,836);  5th  c.,  12,679%  lb.  (536);  6th 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  35 

c.,  10,642%  lb.  (395);  and  2672  Careful-lst  c.-8,137%  Ib.  (441);  3d  c., 
14,408%  lb.  (595);  4th  c.,  8,717%  lb.,  fat  4.3  (357);  and  other  4-yr. 
av.,  6322.19  lb.  Careless'  7697  Beth-lst  c.-5,295%  lb.,  then  3-yr.  av., 
5240.5  lb.  (885).  Careful's  9223  Comic-lst  c.-6,31iy2  lb.,  fat  4.7  (476), 
then  6-yr.  av.,  7627.2  lb.,  (1,792);  and  10086  Careful  2d,  6-yr.  av., 
6664.5  lb.  (1,827).  13198  Beth  3d-lst  c.-6,658  lb.  (353). 

Breed  Analyses:  Careful,  N.  368.75,  S.  454.68,  RP.  176.56.  Care- 
ful 2d,  N.  431.25,  S.  264.06,  RP.  304.68. 

15720  Rendlesham  Cowslip— 03,  3-yr.  av.,  8669.66  lb.;  4th  c., 
11,352  lb.  (365).  11211  Eyke  Jewess  (14  calves),  71.800%  lb.  (4,239). 

548  Silence — O9  came  to  Mr.  J.  J.  Colman's  herd  from  Sir  E. 
Kerrison's.  Her  gr.-dr.,  2536  Silent  Beauty,  was  transferred  to  Whit- 
lingham  when  3-yr.-old,  and  her  first  record  was  6,321%  lb.  (313), 
5th  c.,  11,133%  lb.  (556),  8-yr.  av.,  6,313  lb.  (2,338);  last  year's  record, 
7,357%  lb.,  fat  4.9  (287).  Her  3860  Barmaid-lst  c.-7,571  lb.  (451); 
6783  Sprite,  5-yr.  av.,  5476.8  lb.,  fat  3.9  to  4.2  (1,581).  2156  Dummy 
last  2  yrs.,  8,324  lb.  (290),  6,582  lb.  (306).  5431  Dummy  2d-9th  c.- 
8,049  lb.,  fat  3.4  (257);  her  11177  Doris-lst  c.-8,138  lb.  (462),  and 
14855  Dummy  5th-lst  c.-6,421%  lb.  (476);  2d  c.,  6,021  lb.  (288). 
Barmaid's  6902  Barbara,  2-yr.  av.,  5830.8  lb.  (543).  6902's  gr.-dr., 
16148  Barbara  4th-lst  c.-4,907  lb.  (338),  2d  c.,  6,206  lb.  (341).  Doris' 
14845  Dot-lst  c.-4,281V2  lb.  (294). 

Breed  Analysis:  Silent  Beauty,  N.  427.34,  S.  213.08,  RP.  359.57. 

The  unique  record  of  2728  Crocus — Oil  by  Cato  468,  I  told  years 
ago,  but  it  bears  repeating.  Her  1st  c.,  11,178%  lb.  (523  days  from 
18th  September,  1887,  to  22d  February,  1889),  21  days  after  2d  c., 
and  milked  to  17th  April,  1890,  11,450%  lb.  (397);  3d  c.  on  llth  May, 
and  a  mishap,  which  led  to  the  veterinary  certifying  that  she  was 
incapable  of  further  breeding.  The  order  was  giyen  to  milk  as  long 
as  possible  and  then  fatten.  From  19th  June,  1890,  she  milked  to  30th. 
September,  1899.  By  31st  December,  1891,  she  had  added  15,055  lb. 
to  her  record,  fat  5.0  to  5.4.  In  1898  she  gave  3,540%  lb.  (365),  and 
in  the  nine  months  of  1899,  1,690%  lb.,  6.17  lb.  per  day  on  grass 
feed,  fat  4.3;  live  weight,  1,831  lb.,  when  slaughtered  early  in  October. 
Total  yield  in  9  yr.  4  m.,  50,593  lb.;  her  12  yr.,  9  days,  72,221%  lb.; 
dry  51  days  only. 

Crocus'  gr.-dam  was  1229  Thornham  Polly,  and  5  generations 
later  19298  Little  Mary,  was  bought  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Smith.  1st  c.,  6,369 
lb.  (290);  2d  c.,  8,079  lb.  (302);  3d  c.,  8,868  lb.  (336);  4th  c.,  5,923% 
lb.  (365).  Her  20891  Rendlesham  Little  Mary-lst  c.-7,029%  lb.  (331); 
3d  c.,  7,260%  lb.  (296)  and  22267  Rendlesham  Mary,  6,269%  lb.  (309). 

6341  Eyke  Ruth— O13-lst  c.-7,355  lb.  (298);  2d  c.,  5,685  lb.  (293). 

Her  8959  Ruth,  8-yr.  av.,  6358.62  lb.  (2,602).  15728  Rendlesham  Pearly- 

.1st  c.-5,864  lb.,  then  .8-yr.  av.,  8402.37  lb.   (2,505);  8th  c.,  10,752  lb. 

(332).    22428  Ashmoor  Red  Rose-lst  c.-5,534  lb.;  2d  c.,  6,112  lb.  (353). 

31  records  of  O14.  5374  Creamy-lst  c.-5,831%  lb.  (506).  9006 
Comely-lst  c.-5,486  lb.  (315).  8940  Rosette-3d  c.-9,377  lb.  (291);  5th 
c.,  12,233  lb.  (290);  6th  c.,  12,654  lb.  (341);  7th  c.,  10,641  (287); 
8th  c.,  10,806  lb.  (306);  9th  c.,  10,392  lb.  (330);  llth  c.,  8,943  lb.  (364); 
12th  c.  and  last,  8,471  lb.  (294).  Her  10718  Rosebush-lst  and  2d  c.- 
9,033  lb.  (350);  3d  c.,  9,919  lb.  (371);  5th  c.,  10,069  lb.  (321);  then 
2-yr.  av.,  9160.5  lb.  (550).  Breed  Analyses:  Rosette,  N.  393.79,  S. 
494.57,  RP.  111.62.  Rosebush,  N.  373.03,  S.  343.37,  RP.  283.54.  10718's 
17977  Crimson  Rambler-lst  c.-6,105  lb.  (314);  4-yr.  av.,  6761.75  lb. 
Sixth  in  descent  from  the  head  of  the  O14  Family,  772  Cherry— O14, 
while  Rosette  was  3d  in  descent,  12919  Rosie  Bud,  8-yr.  av.,  8842.3  lb. 
(2,508);  highest  record,  9,773%  lb.  (365).  Her  14149  Rendlesham 


36  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

Rose-lst  c.-6,043  Ib.  (275),  and  this  1st  calf's  18859  Rendlesham  Rosa, 
5-yr.  av.,  6833.8  Ib.  (1,400). 

Of  other  lines  of  O14  breeding,  19384  Omega-2d  c.-9,411%  Ib.; 
3d  c.,  11,684%  Ib.;  5th  c.,  10,186  V2  Ib.;  6th  c.,  9,595%  Ib.;  7th  c., 
11,450%  Ib.;  8th  c.,  10,342%  Ib.;  and  her  20471  Omega  3d,  9,256  Ib., 
9,899%  Ib.,  10,464  Ib.  20765  Kettleburgh  Rosie  3d,  7-yr.  old,  12,192% 
Ib.;  her  Kettleburgh  Rosie  4th,  10,242 V2  Ib.  19696  Canterbury- 1st  c.- 
8,266  Ib.;  her  21082  Canterbury  Bell,  5-yr.  av.,  6804.2  Ib.  (1,452);  high- 
est record,  1915's  8,062  Ib.  (279). 

10194  Duchess— O16-2d  c.-9,921  Ib.  (362);  4th  c.,  9,679  Ib.  (364); 
5th  c.,  11,843  Ib.  (364).  Her  12303  Hastoe  Damsel-2d  c.-6,054  Ib.  (320). 


Nicholas  Powell,  whose  family,  farmed  at  Little  Snoring,  near 
Fakenham,  100  years,  was,  till  railways  were  established,  a  noted 
breeder  of  the  Hackney  horse.  Like  many  a  Norfolk  farmer,  he 
thought  the  novelty  would  be  fatal  to  the  trotting  horse.  So  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  breeding  of  Red  Polled  cattle.  He  knew 
all  the  desirable  qualities  of  the  stock,  as  John  Reeve  had  bred  them 
just  five  miles  distant  from  Snoring,  and  that  the  son-in-law,  Eng- 
land, had  just  parted  with  his  good  cows.  Their  whereabouts  he  also 
knew.  So  of  the  Binham  Red  Polled  he  secured  five  heifers  for  45  Ibs. 
Further,  he  knew  where  the  Reeve  stock  had  been  well  and  freely 
used,  got  a  bull  from  Fisher  Bradfield  at  Elmham,  and  later  one 
from  Ben  Pond  at  Dunham.  That  judicious  selection  for  great  depth 
of  color,  good  form,  and  milk  yield  well  and  over  a  long  period  had 
been  his  rule  I  found  when  I  visited  him  in  the  autumn  of  1873.  He 
had  kept  no  memoranda  of  breeding,  but  though  well  in  years  his  mem- 
ory was  good,  and  I  was  made  to  realize  that  the  Powell  blood  meant 
at  least  four  parts  of  every  five  a  Reeve  product.  Ben'  Brown,  of 
Thursford,  had,  before  I  knew  Powell,  bought  of  his  best;  had  sup- 
plied and  had  bred  from  them,  and,  as  I  have  said,  thus  rescued  the 
fruits  of  Reeve's  and  Powell's  care  from  the  cattle  plague. 

The  only  available  records  of  PI  are  descendants  of  372  Nelly 
(gr.-dr.  of  243  Handsome,  the  foundation  cow).  Nelly's  1069  Penelope, 
bred  by  Mr.  Fulcher,  was  added  to  the  Marham  herd.  Her  3054  Plaus- 
ible recorded  at  Whitlingham-lst  c.-4,503%  Ib.  (277),  2d  c.  6,164  Ib. 
(333) ;  and  her  3040  Palm  had  two  daughters  there,  11666  Palm  Branch 
-1st  c.-6,223  Ib.  (294),  then  4-yr.  av.,  8693.5  Ib.  (1,175),  and  11667 
Palm  3d  c.-7,840  Ib.  (322).  Palm  Branch's  18208  Pamela  recorded-lst 
c.-6,043  Ib.  (345),  2d  c.  5,972  Ib.  (314),  3d  c.  8,281  Ib.  (334).  8821  Pa- 
tience, 3d  in  descent  from  Penelope,  made  records  by  her  18784  Pas- 
sion, 7-yr.  av.,  7,156.24  Ib.;  highest  record  in  1912,  8,613  Ib,  fat  3.8; 
and  20473  Pansy,  6-yr.  av.,  8422.16  Ib.,  followed  in  1914  and  1915  by 
10,306  Ib.,  fat  3.99,  and  10,472  Ib. 

P2  records  opened  with  2263  Ivy,  progeny  of  1588  Isabel,  3d  in 
descent  from  572  Strawberry,  the  foundation  cow.  Ivy's  5-yr.  av., 
5195.75  Ib.  (1,689);  highest  record,  6,166%  Ib.  (314).  Her  6569  Miss 
Ivy-lst  c.-4,129  (322);  11-yr.  av.,  4,685  Ib.,  fat  3.5  (3,036).  2044  Bru- 
nette, bred  by  Mr.  Colman,  was  at  Whitlingham  from  3d  c.,  5-yr.  av., 
5178.84  Ib.,  fat  3.2  (1,411).  Her  gr.-dr.,  101916  Aconite,  8-yr.  av., 
5358.78  Ib.  Third  in  descent  from  Brunette,  20488  Primrose,  3-yr. 
av.,  7873.5  Ib.  (923);  and  20786  Mayflower,  4-yr.  av.,  8623.25  Ib.  1,227); 
highest  record  in  1914,  10,654  Ib.  (333).  Primrose's  23333,  The 
League-lst  c-8,781  Ib.  (333),  2d  c.  7,489%  Ib.  (286). 

The  Rose — P3  Family  has  been  the  most  successful  of  the  Group 
in  the  prize  ring  and  in  popularity.  In  one  herd  in  Norfolk  there  were 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  37 

at  the  opening  of  the  present  year  119  cows  and  heifers,  and  in  an- 
other 12 — descendants  of  479  Rose  2d,  while  in  several  other  herds 
the  P3  traced  back  to  600  Thursford  'Rose,  another  daughter  of  478 
Rose.  There  are  56  P3  records.  The  earliest,  731  Broom,  which  was 
in  the  Stoke  herd,  and  daughter  of  479,  10th  c.,  6,443%  Ib.  (530); 
llth  c.,  8,575  Ib.  (340).  Her  3896  Brindy-lst  c.-4,291  (390).  Other 
gr.-drs.  of  the  same  cow,  which  Mr.  Colman  bought  of  B.  Brown, 
made  their  records  at  Whitlingham:  2032  Blush  Rose,  4-yr.  av., 
6825.25  Ib.  (1339);  7th  c.,  8,050  Ib  (406).  2386  Rosy  Morn-2d  c.- 
6,955V2  Ib.  (286),  then  5-yr.  av.,  7484.4  Ib.,  fat  3.5  (1,603).  2386 
My  Lady-2d  c.-6,955V2  Ib.  (286),  then  5-yr.  av.,  7484.5  Ib.,  fat  3.5 
(1603).  My  Lady's  6584  My  Lady  2d-2d  c.-7,055%  Ib.,  fat  4.0  (294). 
6th  in  descent  from  479,  6717  Roseleaf-lst  c.-5,6623/4  Ib.,  fat  4.4  (391); 
3d  c.,  7,356%  Ib.,  fat  3.3  (363).  6584's  9086  Young  Lady-lst  c.- 
5,354%  Ib.  (343).  Fifth  in  descent  from  1830  Ruby  Rose— exported 
to  America  in  1882,  and  which  was  third  in  descent  from  479  Rose — 
was  12202  Easter,  which  though  in  milk  40  days  when  entering  the 
test,  recorded,  at  the  Pan-American  Exposition,  6,085  Ib.  in  184  days, 
and  produced  264  Ib.  butter.  Sixth  in  descent  from  479,  fourth  from 
1146  Rose  5th  (the  dam  of  Ruby  Rose)  [41004]  Pear's  Sister,  7,555 
Ib.,  fat  316.57  (298). 

The  most  complete  records,  coming  from  1896  to  the  present 
time,  of  descendants  of  479  Rose  2d,  have  been  made  at  Necton  Hall. 
7085  Eugenie-4th  c.-5,158  Ib.,  fat  3.8  (365);  8th  c.,  7,199%  Ib.,  fat 
3.25  (352).  Her  9120  Baroness-lst  c.-4,563  Ib.,  fat  3.8  (403);  and 
18309  Sporle  Eugenie,  8-yr.  av.,  7023.56  Ib.,  fat  3.6  to  4.2  (2,711). 
Her  22541  Egeria-lst  c.-  5,190%  Ib.,  fat  3.6  (300);  2d  c.,  6,141  Ib., 
fat  4.9  (306).  8502  Emily,  10-yr.  av.,  7,672  Ib.,  fat  3.4  to  4.4  (3,832). 
Her  18504  Emerald,  3-yr.  av.,  6,224  Ib.,  fat  4.06  to  4.6  (937).  Breed 
Analyses:  Emily,  N.  491.37,  S.  101.81,  RP.  406.78.  Emerald,  N.  560.75, 
S.  94.73,  RP.  344.48.  Emerald's  21156  Eleanor,  3-yr.  av.,  6,193  Ib., 
fat  4.1  to  4.8  (1,090).  9643  Palgrave  Rosa,  6-yr.  av.,  5870.54  Ib.,  fat 
3.6  to  4.15  (2,142).  Her  19394  Pearl-lst  c.-5,884  Ib.,  fat  3.5  (348); 
3d  c.,  8,160%  Ib.,  fat  3.25  (358).  [23441]  Cresco  Queen,  8,380.5  Ib., 
fat  329.67  (328). 

To  389  Nina  2d  P4  most  of  the  recording  cows  trace  back.  2028 
Blue  Bell-9th  c.-7,585^  Ib.  (302).  Her  2031  Blue  Bonnet-3d  c.- 
7,033V2  Ib.  (312),  4th  c.  8,036%  Ib.  (370),  6th  c.  7,603V2  Ib.  (292),  7th 
c.  6,893  V2  Ib.  (303).  5650  Linda,  5th  from  389-7th  c.-6,463V2  Ib., 
fat  3.6  (273);  8,th  c.,  7,297V2  Ib.  (301).  Her  13767  Linda  3d  was 
transferred  after  her  1st  c.  from  Whitlingham  to  Sir  Walter  Corbet 
at  Acton  Reynold,  Shrewsbury,  where  she  is  yet  in  Sir  Gerald  V.  Cor- 
bet's herd,  and  a  17-yr.-old  cow,  bred  in  June,  1915,  25215  Linda  4th. 
Linda  3d's  published  record  may  well  be  set  down  year  by  year-2d 
c.-8,900%  Ib.  (329),  9,084V2  Ib.  (336),  9,985  Ib.  (319),  10,605%  Ib. 
(345),  11,026%  Ib.  (344),  10635^  Ib.  (351),  9,834%  Ib.  (305),  8,520% 
Ib.  (312);  15th  c.,  9,098V2  Ib.  (323).  Linda  3d's  20180  Acton  Fillpail 
1st,  4,615%  Ib.  (169),  9,847  Ib.  (348),  ll,0271/2  Ib.  (358).  Linda  3d's 
fat  record  at  a  R.  A.  S.  E.  test  was  3.32. 

On  another  line  of  breeding  from  389  Nina  2d,  through  stock 
bred  near  Epsom  by  Sir  John  W.  Hartopp,  and  taken  by  Lord  Maurice 
Fitzgerald  to  Johnstown  Castle,  Wexford,  came  16483  Desiree  of 
Johnstown,  whose  record  at  Acton  Reynold  was-2d  €.-10,630^  Ib. 
(316);  then  4-yr.  av.,  9142.3  Ib.  (1,247).  Another  gr.-dr.  of  5413 
Donna  Gloss,  19503  Shamrock-lst  c.-5,298%  Ib.  (184),  then  8,413  Ms 
Ib.  (320).  Desiree's  1905  R.  A.  S.  E.  fat  test  was:  a.  m.  4.14,  p.  m. 


38  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

5.10;  other  solids,  a.  m.  9.04,  p.  m.  8.97.  At  the  1907  Dairy  Show: 
.  Fat,  a.  m.  3.91,  p.  m.  4.49;  her  butter  ratio,  26.88. 

Breed  Analyses:  Linda,  N.  368.75,  s.  7069,  RP.  560.54.  Linda 
3d,  N.  547.54,  S.  49.46,  RP.  492.49.  5413  Donna  Gloss,  N.  544.92,  S. 
12.0,  RP.  443.06.  9431  Johnstown  Gloss,  N.  571.57,  S.  65.33,  RP.  363.05. 
Desiree  of  Johnstown,  N.  517.05,  S.  195.53  RP.  287.37. 

Yet  one  more  Family  of  Nicholas  Powell's  breeding,  P7,  was  in 
1880  transferred  to  Lord  Hastings  for  the  newly-formed  herd  at  Mel- 
ton Constable.  Records  have  been  kept  from  1893.  8013  Maid  of 
Honoured  c.-9,296  Ib.  (561),  then  4-yr.  av.,  6,277  Ib.  (1,103).  Her 
18167  Milkmaid,  3-yr.  av.,  8799.8  Ib.  (990);  then  5th  c.  10,549%  Ib. 
(330),  6th  c.  11,277%  Ib.  (364);  and  19901  Mandoline,  4-yr.  av., 
7000.25  Ib.  (1,307);  then  6th  c.,  10,308  Ib.  (357).  P9  also  of  the  Pow- 
ell stock  has  records:  19461  Retreat,  lO-yr.-old,  9,691%  Ib.  (286), 
7,188  Ib.  (272);  and  her  21803  Red  River,  4-yr.  av.,  6668.93  Ib.,  fat 
3.77  (1,240).  [29285]  Lucile,  8,151  Ib.,  fat  316.38. 


In  Mr.  E.  Cooke's  herd  at  Stalham  was  Ql,  based  probably  on 
Pond  stock.  3953  Countess,  transferred  to  Whitlingham-lst  c.-6,3451/4 
Ib.  (440),  then  4-yr.  av.,  8799.56  Ib.,  fat  3.4  to  3.6  (1,260);  next  6th 
c.,  10,876%  Ib.  (343),  and  2-yr.  av.,  8,988  Ib.  (637).  Her  6270  Coun- 
tess 2d-lst  c.-10,442%  Ib.  fat  4.3  to  4.7  (560);  after  69  days-2d  c.- 
8,143%  Ib.  (364);  27  days  dry,  and  began  a  5-yr.  av.,  8807.57  Ib.,  fat 
3.6  to  3.8  (1,688).  6270's  8745  Miss  Countess-lst  c.-5,972  Ib.  (405), 
3d  c.  7,259  Ib.  (347);  9230  Countess  3d-lst  and  2d  c.-6,450  Ib.  (287); 
and  12107  Celia-lst  c.-5,146%  Ib.  (229),  then  2-yr.  av.,  6997.5  Ib. 
(655),  and  4th  c.  10,017%  Ib.  (350).  Also  records  of  3953  Countess' 
progeny:  9199  Cherry  2d,  4-yr.  av.,  6,555  Ib.  (1,218);  11292  Glossy, 
7-yr.  av.,  7222.4  Ib.  (2,255);  highest  record-5th  c.-8,587  Ib.  (343);  and 
12127  Choice-lst  c.-5,179%  Ib.  (385),  then  2-yr.  av.,  6299.87  Ib.  (616). 

3863  Beatric<j-4th  c.-8,041%  Ib.  (280);  her  7668  Beatrix-5th  c.- 
8,265  Ib.,  fat  4.3  (347),  and  her  10695  Beamish-lst  c.-3,656  Ib.,  fat 
4.01  (300);  2d  c.,  6,010  Ib.,  fat  4.3  (365).  Fourth  from  9199,  11292 
Glossie's  21069  Brilliantine,  3-yr.  av.,  7664.66  Ib.  (864);  then  5th  c., 
9,454  Ib.  (287);  6th  c.  in  year  1915,  10397  Ib.  (320).  Her  24703 
Longford  Marjorine-lst  c.-5,657  Ib.  (269),  from  February  15th,  1915. 

Breed  Analyses:  Countess,  N.  669.13,  S.  154.97,  RP.  175.87.  Glos- 
sie,  N.  577.53,  S.  114.98,  RP.  307.46.  Brilliantine:  N.  518.69,  S.  125.66, 
RP.  355.60. 


Mr.  C.  Etheridge,  of  Starston,  had  30  years  experience  of  the 
Red  Polled  from  1822.  He  presumably  was  a  buyer,  when  in  that 
year,  Mr.  George  sold  some  of  the  new  breed,  and  used  it  on  the  High 
Suffolk  Polled,  for  Mr.  George,  desirous  of  fresh  blood  in  his  herd 
at  Eaton,  got  it  from  Mr.  Etheridge.  In  1853  one  of  his  cows  was 
added  to  the  Stoke  herd,  and  thus  added  the  old  stock — Rl— to  the 
new  Herd  Book  twenty  years  later. 

In  Lord  Rothschild's  herd,  6164  Artful  Anna,  4-yr.  av.,  6364.25 
Ib.;  her  10948  Artifice-6th  C.-7249  Ib.  (305),  and  her  get,  18422  Art- 
less-4-yr.  av.,  7719.75  Ib.  (1,355).  From  Artifice  also  21093  Cheriton 
Artful,  4-yr.  av.,  7542.25  Ib.  (1,037).  20672  Cheriton  Art-lst  c.-6,285 
Ib.  (365);  then  5,408  Ib.  (231),  21094  Cheriton  Articte-2d  c.-8,281  Ib. 
(350);  4th  and  5th  c.,  14923  Ib.  (666).  Fourth  from  the  Stoke-bred 
3542  Sophie — Rl,  and  out  of  6801  Sunlight,  was  9853  Sunshine,  3-yr. 
av.,  6873.75  Ib.  (903).  From  the  same  d.  15080  Heytesbury  Moon- 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  39 

light-2d  c.-5,900  Ib.  (278).  The  last  named  cow  got  15079  Heytes- 
bury  Moonbeam,  2-yr.  av.,  5836.5  Ib.  (577),  and  15079  got  16801 
Heytesbury  New  Moon-4th  c. -7,254  Ib.  (289),  and  then  4-yr.  av., 
6781.25  Ib.  (1,094).  Her  20394  Heytesbury  Moon-struck,  2-yr.  av., 
7623.5  Ib.  (620). 

Breed  Analyses:  Artful  Anna,  N.  269.62,  S.  528.88  RP.  201.48 
Artifice,  N.  336.95,  S.  404.08,  RP.  258.94.  Artless,  N.  353.28,  S.  399.40, 
RP.  247.29. 

In  other  Families  of  R  Group,  the  bulls  used  during  20  years  were 
particularly  from  Mr.  James  Read's  herd  at  Laxfield,  High  Suffolk. 

3037  Nun  R2  is  the  only  English  record,  3-yr.  av.,  6105.3  Ib. 
(978).  There  is  also  one  American  [29199]  Rune,  9231.4  Ib.,  fat 
330.69  (379). 

R8  and  Rll  were  in  Mr.  Thomas  Easter's  herd,  founded  in  1856 
at  Raveningham,  from  both  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  stock.  Cows  from 
his  son's  (Mr.  W.  B.  Easter)  herd  at  Stockton  in  the  Waveney  Valley, 
the  wealthy  border-land  of  High  Suffolk,  were  transferred  to  Whit- 
lingham  when  its  herd  was  being  started.  2153  Dorcas — R8-3d  c.- 
8,286  Ib.  (328),  5th  c.  9,814%  Ib.  (372),  6th  c.  8,737%  Ib.  (322),  fat 
3.5.  Her  6306  Dorcas  2d-lst  c.-5,218%  Ib.  (376),  2d  c.  6,053%  Ib. 
(280).  6136's  10165  Diana-lst  c.-5,451%  Ib.  (300).  5657  Lively— R8, 
5-yr.  av.,  from  3d  c.,  4,890%  Ib.,  fat  3.7  (1,302).  Her  8000  Lively 
2d-4th  c.-6,204%  Ib.  (313);  12543  Lena-lst  c.-5,388  Ib.  (370);  and 
15280  Lively  3d,  whose  gr.-dr.  19214  Foliage,  yet  in  profit,  3d  c., 
9,544  Ib,  (366),  then  6-yr.  av.,  7,295.57  Ib.  (1,616).  [34064]  Easter 
Blossom,  7291.55  Ib.,  fat  282.62  (264). 

5296  Brundish  Pretty — R9,  the  only  R9  record,  1st  c.,  11,570% 
Ib.,  fat  4.0  (700).  After  35  days-2d  c.-5,095%  Ib.  (329). 

The  Rll,  which  Mr.  Garrett  Taylor  bought  on  17th  May,  1888, 
1513  Fillpail,  had  on  the  previous  February  given  birth  to  her  6th 
calf.  Her  record  from  18th  May  to  17th  January,  1889,  was  7,722 
Ib.  (231).  Then  from  4th  March,  11,077  Ib.  (375);  maximum  weekly 
yield,  372  Ib.;  yield  in  13th  week  of  record,  308 %  Ib.,  in  26th  week 
182%  Ib.;  84  days  rest,  and  then  8,th-c.-12,961%  Ib,  (469),  9th  c. 
8,746%  Ib.  (318);  then  3-yr.  av.,  7,273  Ib.,  fat  3.4  (605).  Year  1898 
record,  8,801%  Ib.;  her  12th  and  last  calf  was  born  on  14th  August, 
1897,  and  she  milked  to  4th  September,  1899,  13.637%  Ib.  (752  days). 
Total  yield  at  Whitlingham,  88,699%  Ib.  (3,178).  FillpaiPs  1st  c. 
born  at  Whitlingham  was  4891  Fawn,  and  Fawn's  13th  c.  was  born 
on  Jan.  30th,  1903.  Fawn's  total  yield  to  December  31st,  1904,  was 
89,507  Ib.  (3,428  days).  The  successive  yearly  yields  were  7,598  Ib. 
(420),  6,044  Ib.,  fat  3.5  (247),  8,066%  Ib.  (280)  9,655%  Ib.,  fat  4.4 
(301),  7,572%  Ib.,  fat  3.4  (266),  8,692%  Ib.  (270),  9,875%  Ib.,  fat 
4.0  (326),  8,663%.  Ib.  (302),  9,793%  Ib.  (322),  8,375%  Ib.  (329),  4,788 
Ib.  (202). 

Fillpail's  3745  Snowdrop-6th  c.-5,815%  Ib.  (217);  and  10258  Fill- 
pail  2d-3d  c.-9,019%  Ib.  (322).  Fawn  12321  Folly-2d  c.-7,174  Ib.  (340), 
6,802  Ib.  (189),  5,282  Ib.  (329).  Fillpail's  gr.-dr.,  18030  Famous, 
4-yr.  av.,  8033.25  Ib.  (1,079),  and  from  the  same  dam,  20677  Cheriton 
Fame-2d  c.-6,760  Ib.  (345);  19766  Familiar,  3-yr.  av.,  6495.33  Ib.  (673); 
and  20335  Daisy-lst  c.  December  1st,  1907,  yield  to  31st  December, 
1909,  10,791  Ib.  (546).  20677's  22044  Cheriton  Fame  4th-2d  c.  6,720 
Ib.  (245),  3d  c.  7,834  Ib.  (317). 

Breed  Analyses:  Fillpail,  N.  276.5,  S.  507.81,  RP.  215.62.  Cheri- 
ton Fame,  N.  422.36,  S.  302.31,  RP.  27527. 

5409  Dolly,  whose  dam  1092  Pretty  was  also  dam  of  1513  Fill- 
pail recorded-lst  c.-6,981%  Ib.  (294),  and  in  four  of  her  nine  years 


40  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

an  average  of  9084.6  Ib.  Her  11137  Damsel-lst  c-  6,852  Ib.  (406); 
9272  Dolly  2d-2d  c.-6,412  Ib.  (273).  Damsel's  17988  Damsel  2d-lst 
c.-8,849y2  Ib.  (500),  and  without  a  dry  time-2d  c.-5,239%  Ib.  (371). 


Two  cows  from  an  old  Norfolk  herd  at  Hapton  were  bought  by 
Mr.  Henry  Birkbeck  some  72  years  ago  to  found  a  herd  at  Stoke 
Holy  Cross,  and  pedigrees  noted.  Records  of  milk  yields  were  kept 
wrhen  the  stock  was  transferred  to  Whitlingham.  9207  Chocolate — 
SI,  2-yr.  av.,  4695.5  Ib.  (679).  Her  gr.-dr.,  20393  Hester,  2-yr.  av., 
6822.5  Ib.  (647). 

2449  Beauty— S2-8th  and  9th  c.-16,249  Ib.  (645).  Her  gr.-dr., 
16137  Ashlyns  Rose  2d-3d  c.-8,736  Ib.  (364).,  then  3-yr.  av.,  7120.66 
Ib.  (965).  16137's  18946  Sweet  Briar,  7-yr.  av.,  7470.85  Ib.  (2,122); 
20512  Red  Rose,  3-yr.  av.,  6,128  Ib.  (387);  and  21716  Longford  Dew- 
berry, 4-yr.  av.,  8609.5  Ib.  (1,325);  highest  record,  in  1915,  5th  c.- 
9,687  Ib.  (321).  5975  Slane  Beauty,  bred  in  Co.  Meath,  4-yr.  av., 
5704.25  Ib.  (1,212).  19827  Heytesbury  Primrose,  of  the  same  line 
as  Ashlyns  Rose,  5-yr.  av.,  5996.6  Ib.  (1,314);  her  21201  Heytesbury 
Pansy  1st,  5,554  Ib.  (241),  then  4-yr.  av.,  6,650  Ib.  (1,353). 

Of  Dowson — S3  blood,  with  a  succession  of  Powell  blood  at  Stoke, 
2124  Damson,  3-yr.  av.,  from  6th  c.,  6,858  Ib.  (878).  2870  Heach-5th 
c.-10,693  Ib.  (428),  then  7-yr.  av.,  7,273  Ib.  (2,193);  highest  record- 
9th  c.-9,238%  Ib.,  fat  4.0  (364).  Her  8597  Hilda-lst  c.-S,753%  Ib., 
fat  3.4  (476).  Third  in  descent  from  Heach  12384  Hemp-4th  c.- 
6,326%  Ib.  (308),  then  3-yr.  av.,  6286.8  Ib.  (960).  Her  17878  Acton 
Cherry-lst  c.-5,153%  Ib.  (345),  then  4-yr.  av.,  5395.5  Ib.  (1,151);  and 
18974  Acton  Cherry  Blossom-lst  c.-6,661  Ib.  (309),  then  3-yr.  av., 
6,170  Ib.  (930).  [30634]  Margarita,  6999.7  Ib.,  fat  235.07. 

Breed  Analyses:  Heach,  N.  512.5,  S.  88.63,  RP.  398.71.  Harp, 
N.  517.24,  S.  109.40,  RP.  373.32.  Acton  Cherry  Blossom,  N.  478.95, 
S.  113.04,  RP.  407.96. 


The  T  Group  included  a  number  of  Families  which  had  been  bred 
in  the  district  adjacent  to  Walsingham.  It  may  be  presumed  that 
they  were  for  the  most  part  descended  from  c  ws  of  the  selection 
made  by  the  two  John  Reeves  and  the  Englands.  The  earliest  record 
of  Tl  Family  was  2474  Prudish,  gr.-dr.  of  440  Primrose:  3d  c.  7,524 
Ib.  (368),  6.422  Ib.  (334),  7,662%  Ib.  (265);  then  4-yr.  av.,  4293.8  Ib., 
fat  3.2  to  4.4  (1,082).  From  the  same  dam  as  Prudish  3064  Prim, 
5-yr.  av.,  4527.7  Ib.  (1,309);  highest  record-5th  c.-5,855  Ib.  (245). 

2716  Coronet  was  more  noteworthy — (she  was  also  a  gr.-dr.  of 
Primrose)— 2d  c.  9,103  Ib.  (346),  3d  c.  12,253  Ib.  (387);  and  while 
she  was  yet  yielding  175  Ib.  per  week  Mr.  J.  McLain  Smith  took  her 
to  America  in  the  summer  of  1890.  Her  5367  Coronet  2d,  which  was 
then  a  yearling  at  Whitlingham,  began  her  record  with  5,653%  Ib., 
fat  3.2  (301);  2d  c.  5,431%  Ib.,  fat  3.6  (287);  3d  c.  7,359%  Ib.  (359), 
4th  c.  8,770%  Ib.  (334);  then  2-yr.  av.,  6,911%  Ib.  (581),  and  in  the  next 
year  she  was  exported,  leaving  her  yearling  14723  Coronet  3d-lst 
c.-9,963%  Ib.  (539);  dry  52  days,  then  2d  c.,  8,050%  Ib.  (317);  3d  c., 
8,022%  Ib.;  4th  c.  dropped  January  18th,  1905,  and  was  sold  April 
12th.  Her  record  from  that  date,  at  Lord  Rothschild's  to  30th  Sep- 
tember, 6,427  Ib.  (268),  continuing  succeeding  365  days,  4,685  Ib.; 
then  5th  c.,  8,378  Ib.  (252);  6th  c.,  6,965  Ib.  (245);  was  taken  to  Thorn- 
ville,  Co.  Wexford,  where  2-yr.  av.,  6,628  Ib.  Her  later  records  in 
1913  and  14,  were  5,607  Ib.  (288),  4,861  Ib.  (252).  None  of  her  prog- 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  41 

eny  at  Tring  Park  were  registered.  At  Thornville,  of  her  twin  daugh- 
trs,  24392  Thornville  Red  Coronet  has  begun  her  record  in  1915  with 
3,554  Ib.  (161),  and  the  old  17-yr.  cow  has  produced  her  13,th  calf. 
The  first  of  the  Coronets  would  seem  to  have  a  remembrance  in  the 
United  States,  a  descendant  having  been  registered  as  bred  in  1911 
in  Oklahoma. 

Breed  Analyses:  Primrose,  N.  700,  RP.  300.  Coronet,  N.  587.5, 
S.  35.93,  RP.  37-6.56  Coronet  2d,  N.  478.12,  S.  76.55,  RP.  445.31. 
Prudish,  N.  640.62,  S.  44.52,  RP.  314.84.  Coronet  3d,  N.  514.88,  S. 
72.46,  RP.  412.64. 

5169  Tryste — T4,  bred  at  Whitlingham  in  April,  1888,  was  one 
of  the  five  Red  Polled  which  took  part  in  the  1901  Pan-American 
Exposition  test,  at  the  outset  being  70  days  in  milk.  Her  184  days' 
record  was  5,422  Ib.,  butter  235  Ib.  Her  1st  c.  record  at  Whitlingham 
was  6,260%  Ib.  (390),  2d  c.  6,039  Ib.  (329),  when  she  was  taken  to 
America  by  Captain  V.  T.  Hills. 

Born  5  years  earlier  from  the  same  dam,  1896  Tipple,  3183  Tin- 
2d  c.-5,393  Ib.  (325),  4th  c.  10,344  Ib.  (487),  5th  c.  8,512  Ib.  (357); 
8,447%  Ib.,  fat  3.7  (357);  7,089%  Ib.,  fat  4.1  (315).  Her  5170  Tulip- 
1st  c.-4,162V2  Ib.  (322),  then  2-yr.  av.,  6,039  Ib.,  fat  5.1  to  4.6  (649). 
Tulip's  6819  Top-lst  c.-ll,582  Ib.  (589),  29  days  dry,  and  2d  c.,  5,094 
Ib.,  fat  3.7  (217);  then  4-yr.  av.,  7068.5  Ib.  (1,184).  Of  later  records: 
14121  Red  Lass-3d  c.-6,070  Ib.  (208),  5th  c.  6,107  Ib.  (321).  19400 
Red  Rose-2d  c.-6,028  Ib.  (259)  3d  c.  6,169%  Ib.  (281).  21099  Cheriton 
Fancy-2d  c.-12,964  Ib.  (565). 

1315  Bee-Bee — T6  has  the  earliest  record-7th  c.-9,935  Ib.  (383). 
Her  2021  Blacking,  8,507  Ib.  (371),  and  5242  Bess-lst  c.-8,350  Ib. 
(516).  Blacking's  9887  Victoria-3d  c.-6,055  Ib.  (301),  7th  c.  6,623% 
Ib.  (315). 

T7  records  are  comparatively  late:  8239  Sunshine-3d  c.-6,026 
Ib.  (256);  then  4-yr.  av.,  6716.37  Ib.  (1,139).  Her  14220  Salome,  after 
5,098%  Ib.  (294),  3-yr.  av.,  7847.9  Ib.  (848);  last  record,  9,986%  Ib. 
(350).  22587  Gressenhall  Saint  2d,  8,697%  Ib.,  and  22588  Gressen- 
hall  Saintly,  2-yr.  av.,  8026.75  Ib.,  both  4th  in  descent  from  Salome. 

T17  and  T18  Families  are  descended  from  Messrs.  HowelPs  herd 
at  Great  Walsingham,  which  dated  from  the  later  years  of  the  Reeve 
breeding  at  Wighton  and  Walsingham.  8012  Maiden  Belle-3d  c.- 
6,849V2  Ib.,  fat  3.6  (294).  Her  15331  Maiden,  2-yr.  av.,  5753.87  Ib. 
(582)  8772  Missie— T18-2d  c.-5,217  Ib.  (330);  then  4-yr  av.,  6663.87 
Ib.  (1,242).  A  gr.-dr.  of  Missie's  dam,  17177  Mischievous-lst  c.- 
7,069  Ib.  (288);  4-yr.  av.  from  3d  c.,  8056.62  Ib.  (1,242);  highest 
record,  9,453  Ib.  (361).  Her  20444  Majirascal-3d  c.-8,603%  Ib.  (364), 
5th  and  6th  c.  8,369%  Ib.  (344)  and  10,990%  Ib.  (353);  7th  c.  9,078% 
(337),  8th  c.,  10437  Ib.  (305).  Mischievous  2d's  18727  Mary,  3-yr. 
av.,  7522.8  Ib. 


The  U  Group  was  allotted  to  the  Red  Polled  in  West  Suffolk. 
Though  comprising  few  Foundation  Cows  when  the  Herd  Book  was 
issued  in  1874,  there  were  many  more  added  on  the  Register  in  the 
second  part  of  Vol  I.  Mr.  R.  E.  Loftt  supposed  they  were  a  color 
variation  of  the  old  Suffolk  cow,  which  used  to  be  spoken  of  as  the 
Suffolk  dun — "a  light  yellow  or  pale  ginger  color."  The  modern  origin 
of  the  "Red  Polled"  I  have  already  set  forth  from  published  and  per- 
sonal facts  of  the  early  19th  century.  We  have  the  facts  set  down — 
in  Friar  Jocelyn's  late  12th  Century  story  of  the  life  and  doings  of 
Abbot  Samson,  the  head  of  the  great  St.  Edmund's  Monastery  at 


42  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

Bury,  West  Suffolk,  a  story  which  Thomas  Carlyle  made  so  enter- 
taining in  his  "Past  and  Present,"  and  now  to  be  read  in  more  than 
one  recent  version — that  the  Monastery  held  many  manors  in  West 
Suffolk.  Jocelyn's  hero  came  as  a  youth  from  the  Norfolk  area  that 
borders  Northwest  High  Suffolk,  with  East  Anglian  ideals,  and  an 
invincible  love  for  English  speech,  though  it  was  decidedly  vulgar, 
and  English  love  of  freedom  in  the  country.  It  may  be  presumed 
that  he  favored  the  Suffolk  dun  cow  rather  than  the  White  Polled, 
which  were  possibly  to  be  found  on  Abbey  and  Priory  farms  in  the 
"shires"  and  in  some  northern  areas,  and  we  are  told  that  during  his 
thirty  years  as  Abbot  he  interested  himself  in  the  lands  which  he 
controlled,  and  which  were  of  good  quality.  A  few  old-style  Suffolk 
Duns  were  to  be  seen  some  thirty  years  ago.  And  we  know  that  the 
Suffolk  Polled  of  the  18th  Century  were  of  a  larger  type  than  most 
of  those  in  Norfolk.  So  we  may  take  it  as  probable  that  the  West 
Suffolk  polled  were  derived  from  the  old  time  Suffolk  Dun  cow. 

Records  of  U2  are  all  from  descendants  of  2766  Dot,  which  was 
bought  by  a  Norfolk  man  at  a  Troston  sale.  Dot's  8430  Daffodil  made 
its  record  at  Saham-lst  c.,  in  1894,  7,296  Ib.  (335).  With  3d  c.  to 
9th  c.,  in  1902,  the  record  ranged  from  7,760  Ib.  (283)  to  10,170  Ib. 
(273);  7-yr.  av.,  8664.9  Ib.  (2,187).  Her  9240  Daphne-lst  c.-8,231 
Ib.  (329),  3d  c.,  9,167  Ib.  (263),  4th  c.  8,956  Ib.  (307);  11117  Daify- 
down-dilly,  a  5-yr.  av.,  8591.8  Ib.,  fat  4.1  (1,613),  and  then  8th  c.r 
10,553%  ib.  (323).  11116  Daffodil  2d,  a  full  sister  of  11117,  had  a  2-yr. 
av.,  7242.75  Ib.  (611).  Her  18732  Meadow  Dell,  4-yr.  av.,  8184.5  Ib.; 
then  5th  c.  10,707  Ib.  The  last  of  Daffodil's  progeny  recording:  16925 
Kitchener's  Daffodil-lst  c.-8,543%  Ib.  (333),  3d  c.  10,215  Ib.,  fat  5.0 
(331),  and  then  to  the  31st  September,  1915,  a  10-yr.  av.,  9032.25  Ib. 
Daphne's  15329  Magic-lst  c.-8,799  Ib.  (418),  then  2-yr.  av.,  8,162  Ib., 
fat  4.1  (619);  her  19893  Magic's  Crown,  4-yr.  av,.  6809.37  Ib.  (1,279), 
then  2-yr.  av.,  9,112  Ib.  (662).  Kitchener's  Daffodil  heifers  have  been 
in  such  demand  that  the  only  record  to  be  quoted  is  22668  Meadow 
Daffodil-lst  c.-  5,477%  Ib.  (210),  2d  c.  7,844  Ib.  (340)  3d  c.  6,520  Ib. 
(327). 

Breed  Analyses:  Dot,  N.  187.5,  S.  785.93,  RP.  26.56.  Daffodil,  N. 
341.0,  S.  459.42,  RP.  199.57.  Daffy-down-dilly,  N.  491.98,  S.  280.19, 
RP.  227.81. 

The  29  U3  records  have  been  made  in  diverse  areas.  The  earliest, 
5th  in  descent  from  248  Handsome,  6412  Handsome  28th-7th  c.-8,093 
Ib.  (280).  10332  Handsome  35th  (at  Tring)-lst  c.-10,025  Ib.  (388), 
then  5-yr.  av.,  7853.5  Ib.  (1,459);  highest  record,  9,847  Ib.  (322). 
11316  Handsome  36th-3d  c.-8,801  Ib.  (327),  6th  c.  10,366  Ib.  (264), 
7th  c.,  11,976  Ib.  (236).  Handsome  35th's  19797  Hasty-lst  c.-7,089 
(561). 

At  Aspall,  5855  Posthorn,  14-yr.  av.,  6,776  Ib.;  highest  record, 
8,988  Ib.  (344)  Her  12952  Sapphire-ls,t  c.-5,592  Ib.;  then  from  4th 
c.,  8-yr.  av.,  9057.37  Ib.;  highest  record,  10,582  Ib.  Posthorn's  gr.-dr., 
12035  Blackbird-2d  c.-8,098%  Ib.  (347),  5th  c.,  7,224  Ib.  Third  in  de- 
scent from  Posthorn,  21535  Aspall  Pomona-lst  c.-6,208  Ib.,  3d  to  5th 
c.  av.,  7382.33  Ib.,  highest  record,  7,988  Ib.  (313).  Aspall  Pomona's 
22909  Aspall  Applewoman-2d  c.-6,895  Ib.  (318).  Sapphire's  22433 
Aspall  Pansy,  3-yr.  av.,  7337.66  Ib. 

At  Cheriton,  Kent,  fifth  in  descent  from  the  Troston-bred  4575 
Handsome  25th,  20678  Cheriton  Lark-lst  c.-5,121  Ib.  (203),  then  4- 
yr.  av.,  6233.25  Ib.  (968).  At  Letton,  Norfolk,  20870  Red  Honey,  4-yr. 
av.,  7789.34;  highest  record,  9,190 ^4  Ib. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  43 

Two  Troston-bred  U5  were  transferred  to  Mr.  E.  Cooke,  Stal- 
ham,  and  thence  to  Whitlingham.  4149  Kate-lst  c.-  7,630  Ib.  (365), 
followed  by  14,451%  Ib.  (624)  and  10,407  Ib.,  fat  4.4  (385);  then  6-yr. 
av.,  8,004  Ib.,  fat  3.9  to  4.1  (1,865).  Her  15190  Kate  2d-2d  c.-12,545% 
Ib.  (413).  4375  Stalham-lst  c.-8,131%  Ib.  (383),  4th  c.  15,641  Ib.  (661). 
8th  c.  10,217%  Ib.,  fat  3.5  (320);  5  other  years'  av.,  7822.6  Ib.,  fat 
4.0  to  4.6  (1,818).  Her  gr.-dr.,  8993  Spotless-2d  c.-7,601V2  Ib.  (406), 
3d  c.  7,609%  Ib.  (364).  9011  Susie— U5,  at  the  1901  Pan-American 
Exposition,  gave  of  the  Red  Polled  the  largest  yield  of  milk — 6,430 
Ib.  in  184  days,  but  was  second  in  the  butter  test  of  the  Red  Polled 
lot  with  287  Ib.  She  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  test  54  days  in  milk, 
as  was  Mayflower  2d — A12. 

[20499]  Ruth,  8699.8  Ib.,  fat  367.50.  [22637]  Alice  B.,  8238.3  Ib., 
fat  341.92;  9389.5  Ib.,  fat  363.81;  8314.9  Ib.,  fat  328.51.  [25356]  Iowa 
Belle,  8650.65  Ib.,  fat  337.19.  [26705]  Delia,  6511.9  Ib.,  fat  269.7 
[30124]  Leda,  8,413  Ib.,  fat  375.34. 

1823  Pink  Domino— U6,  5-yr.  av.,  6777.2-  Ib.  19618  Banking— 
U6-lst  c.-7,641  Ib.  (322),  2d  c.  7,650  Ib.  (293),  5th  c.  7,257  Ib.  (273), 
and  4-yr.  av.  5737.2  Ib.  (856). 

U9  Family  was  introduced  into  the  Rendlesham  herd  by  10842 
Trimley  Pretty  5th-2d  c.-9,377  Ib.  (600),  5th  c.  8,219  Ib.  (309),  and 
11-yr.  av.,  6815.4  Ib.  (3,710).  Her  18858  Rendlesham  Pretty,  4-yr. 
av.,  5,794  Ib.  (1,352),  then  6th  c.  8,755  Ib.  (261);  20534  Rendlesham 
Pretty  Sth-lst  .c.-6,238%  Ib.  (330);  then  3-yivav.,  6,755  Ib.  (1,053); 
and  20896  Rendlesham  Pyrrhic-lst  c.-5,211%  Ib.  (313);  then  3-yr. 
av.,  6242.8  Ib.  (1,017).  18965  Waxlight  2d-on  another  line  of  breeding 
4-yr.  av.,  7203.6  Ib.  (1,137). 

13231  Bo-Peep— U18  had  an  early  recorded  c.-7,431  Ib.  (365); 
then  4-yr.  av.,  8066.37  Ib.  (1,047).  13245  Beryl,  3-yr.  av.,  6696.66  Ib. 
(988). 

U43,  a  late  Troston  selection,  15746  Ring-2d  c.-7,020%  Ib.  (287). 
17985  Daisy,  a  gr.-dr.  of  Ring's  dam,  when  5-yr.  old,  8,912  Ib.;  then 
6,458%  Ib.  and  9,375%  Ib.  18322  Stella-4th  c.-7,387  Ib.  (280),  5th  c. 
7,402  Ib.  (292)  and  8,169  Ib.  (322).  Her  20684  Cheriton  Stella-2d  c.- 
9,770  Ib.  (329),  then  3-yr.  av.,  6558.66  Ib.  (631);  and  21107  Cheriton 
Steam-2d  c.-6,388  Ib.  (238),  then  2-yr.  av.  6,881  Ib.  (497). 

Of  the  East  Suffolk  contingent's  records  there  are  44  of  VI 
Family,  which  was  in  Mr.  G.  Gooderham's  herd  at  Monewden,  well 
established  before  1860.  The  earliest  record  is  6010  Sunny  Risky- 
6th  c.-9,591  Ib.  (388),  7th  c.  6,162  Ib.  (361).  From  the  same  dam 
3824  Wild  Risky,  7537  Sound  Risky,  2-yr.  av.,  6791.5  Ib.  3824's  gr.-dr., 
19548  Sunny  Cheriton-lst  c.-6,914  Ib.  (304),  then  4-yr.  av.,  7208.75 
Ib.  (1,143).  19548's  20685  Cheriton  Sun-2d  c.-9,059  Ibs.  (406),  and 
21108  Cheriton  Sunbeam-lst  c.-10,663  Ib.  (460),  then  3-yr.  av.,  6743.66 
Ib.  (859).  20685's  22513  Cheriton  Sunflower-2d  c.-7,200  Ib.  (353). 

3217  Wild  Ruth's  7568  Sweet  Ruth,  3-yr.  av.,  6,813  Ib.  (847),  then 
10,665  Ib.  (333).  Her  10516  Miss  Ruth-lst  c.-  10,414  Ib.  (469).  On 
another  line  of  breeding,  19209  Flaxmoor  Ruby,  as  a  5-yr.  old,  began 
a  record  at  Saham  with  8,062  Ib.  (203),  and  in  years  immediately 
following  11,849  Ib.  (339),  11885  Ib.  (344),  13,268%  Ib.  (337)  14,533 
Ib.  (336),  11,757  Ib.  (331),  and  in  1914-15  12,402  Ib.  (340).  Her  23118 
Meadow  Rubicon-lst  c.-7,144  Ib.  (365),  8,029  (331).  Breed  Analysis: 
Flaxmoor  Ruby,  N.  540.00,  S.  213.81  RP.  246.15. 

Also,  with  a  large  infusion  of  Norfolk  blood:  20349  Fustian  2d, 
9-yr.-old  record,  8,336  Ib.  (286);  her  22875  Velveteen-2d  c.-7,973%  Ib. 
(328),  and  23824  Wincey-lst  c.-8,137  Ib.  (333  days  of  1915). 

7867  Flora  4th— V2-4th  c.-7,740  Ib.  (337),  5th  c.  9,813  Ib.  (329), 


44  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

7th  c.  8,335  Ib.  (233)  8th  c.  8,473  Ib.  (364).  An  American  record,  13006 
Sue  2d— V2,  6712.4  Ib.,  fat  258.78. 

8248  Tamer— V5-2d  c.-6,070  Ib.  (323),  then  3-yr.  av.,  7663.5  Ib. 
Her  20901  Rendlesham  Tamer,  3-yr.  av.,  7204.8  Ib.  (929). 

Three  Glemham  Families  recorded  at  Whitlingham:  2213  Gleaner 
V9,  the  earliest  record  of  milk  in  this  family;  10th  c.  14,184  Ib.  (365), 
but  as  she  had  calved  down  on  Nov.  3d  of  the  previous  year,  the  rec- 
ord was  possibly  over  16,000  Ib.  for  424  days;  after  that  llth  c.:  the 
best  milk  record  yet  made  in  East  Anglia.  3469  Gleaner — V9-lst  c.- 
8,630V2  Ib.  (290),  2d  c.  9,521^4  Ib.  (314),  4th  c.  9,078  Ib.  (328),  with 
3  other  year  av.,  8,153  Ib.  (976),  the  remaining  4  years  varying  be- 
tween 6,657  Ib.  and  6,376%  Ib.  Her  9379  The  Gleaner-lst  c.-6,918V2 
Ib.,  fat  3.9  (420);  11277  Geneva-lst  c.-6,577y2  Ib.  (305),  2d  c.  7,988% 
Ib.  (366);  and  its  16698  Geneva  2d-2d  c.-6,801%  Ib.  (351).  Third  in 
descent  from  3469,  18642  Gleaner  4th-2d  c.-6,235%  Ib.,  7,953  V2  Ib., 
6,295%  Ib.;  5th  c.  8,613  Ib.  Other  Gleaners:  8751  Miss  Gloss-2d  c.- 
5,132  Ib.,  fat  3.6  (339X;  5,592  Ib.  (246).  12667  Miss  Glaze,  5-yr.  av., 
6,313  Ib.  (1,669). 

Four  American  V9  records  are  from  daughters  of  the  same  cow 
[18469]  Lady  Jane,  which  traced  back  through  2847  Glow-worm  to 
Harpley,  where  Mr.  J.  M.  Spinks  set  up  a  herd  direct  from  Glemham 
and  supplied  Whitlingham.  [26136]  J.  D.  L.  Jane,  5,587  Ib.,  fat  213.42; 
4,444  Ib.,  8318.4  Ib.,  fat  314.05.  [26748]  Lady  Jeanie,  7521.5  Ib.,  fat 
305.19  (328);  5550.6  Ib.,  fat  213.06  (309);  8456.2  Ib.,  fat  326.15; 
9858.7  Ib.,  fat  392.24;  12353.4  Ib.,  fat  420.19.  [27543]  J.D.  L.  Jane  2d, 
5788.0  Ib.,  fat  249.6;  5,516  Ib.,  fat  231.7;  5,742.2  Ib.;  fat  234.47;  9,874 
Ib.,  fat  413.16.  [30174]  J.  D.  L.  Jeanette,  5606.4  Ib.,  fat  208.21  (306); 
6761.3  Ib.,  fat  257.48.  [30847]  Honingham  Claret,  7025.38  Ib.,  fat 
299.69. 

Of  Vll  Family,  3674  Proof,  4-yr.  av.,  7,295  Ib.,  fat  3.0  (1,253). 
Her  4673  Peggy-lst  c.-7,430^4  Ib.  (382),  and  its  6821  Palm-3d  c.- 
5,323  Ib.  (386),  4th  c.  7,374%  Ib.,  fat  4.0  (301).  Of  2461  Press,  the 
dam  of  Proof,  5046  Pallas,  3-yr.  av.  from  5th  c.,  7,382  Ib.,  fat  4.1 
(974).  A  gr.-dr.  of  2461,  8124  Prioress  2d,  6-yr.  av.,  6,563  Ib.,  fat 
3.7  (1,718);  highest  record,  7,598%  Ib.  (305).  Her  15607  Plessy-lst 
c.,  20th  September,  1902,  with  14  days  interval  and  2d  c.,  milked  to 
19th  December,  1903,  giving  10,129%  Ib.  in  her  last  354  days.  Yet 
another  line  from  Gloss  2d,  the  Harpley  original:  18224  Playmate- 
1st  c.-6,809  Ib.  (412),  then  3-yr.  av.,  6779.66  Ib.  (859);  and  from  18212 
Patience,  Playmate's  d.,  19963  Passion-lst  c.-8,054  Ib.  (365),  7,753 
Ib.  (284),  6,930  Ib.  291).  From  Playmate  19968  Playful-2d  c.-6,385 
Ib.  (347).  And  from  Prioress  2d  19371  Pin-lst  c.-6,903%  Ib.,  then  3-yr. 
av.,  6,905  Ib.  (950). 

American  records  trace  to  Harpley  through  another  line  of  breed- 
ing to  2844  Gloss  7,th— Vll.  [18085]  Cora,  10763.75  Ib.,  fat  430.5; 
[19840]  June,  8923.8  Ib.,  fat  382.32;  and  [28209]  Julia,  6,679  Ib.,  fat 
264.73.  On  the  line  from  1070  Penguin— Vll  [23187]  Peaceful  7818.5 
Ib.,  fat  326.78  (267);  and  [30100]  Lily,  7547.7  Ib.,  fat  260.68. 

Of  V13  Family,  3462  Gardenia,  2-yr.  av.,  8236  Ib.  (731).  7493 
Ruby-3d  c.-6,285  Ib.  (302),  then  3-yr.  av.,  6200.33  Ib.  (866);  its  9742 
Reenah-lst  c.-6,522  Ib.  (350),  2d  c.  6,243  Ib.  (329),  and  3d  in  descent 
from  Ruby,  16704  Gipsy  of  Johnstown-lst  c.-6,201  Ib.  (315). 

American  V13  records:  [18086]  Cora,  10763.5  Ib.,  fat  430.5. 
[22818]  Red  Bud,  8472.9  Ib.,  fat  355.84;  8755.7  Ib.,  fat  387.26.  [27766] 
Lady,  10,049  Ib.,  fat  328.20.  [34037]  Violet,  7574.8  Ib.,  fat  328.20; 
8714.2  Ib.,  fat  373.70. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  45 

The  Glemham  V14  Family  records  open  with  3819  Wilby  Lass, 
5th  to  7th  c.,  3-yr.  av.,  6781.5  Ib.  (868);  and  4438  Wilby,  both  gr.-drs. 
of  921  Glemham  Rose.  Wilby's  1st  c.,  '8,544%  Ib.  (380).  10894  Wilby 
3d-lst  and  2d  c.-8,360V2  Ib.,  fat  4.1  (419).  On  another  line  of  breeding: 
12773  Pearl,  2-yr.  av.,  8,309  Ib.  (528).  19287  Lady  Molly,  5  calves, 
4-yr.  av.,  6,165  Ib.  (1,033).  20826  Lady  M.-2d  c.-7,654V2  Ib.  (348). 

In  1900  Lord  Radnor  added  to  his  recently  established  herd  at 
Longford  Castle  all  the  V17  Red  Polled  which  were  in  Mr.  W.  E.  Long's 
herd  at  Hurts  Hall,  Saxmundham,  tracing  back  to  4952  Honey  Bee, 
gr.-dr.  of  950  Honey.  The  earliest  records — all  in  1903,  8601  Honey- 
maid  7th  C.-7758  Ib.  (289),  10815  Sweet  as  Honey-7th  c.-8,921  Ib.  (339), 
and  13120  Young  Honey  Bee-5th  c.-10,779  Ib.  (356),  then  8,238  Ib. 
(332),  10,258  Ib.  (329),  7,503  Ib.  (318).  16729  G6lden  Thistle-lst  c. 
in  1904-7,263  Ib.  (294),  then  7-yr.  av.,  8496.33  Ib.  (2,624);  top  record- 
3d  c.-9,559  Ib.  (301).  16732  Goldy  Locks,  also  in  1904,  yet  in  the  herd, 
and  is  the  most  noteworthy- 1st  c.-7,517  Ib.  (322)  2d  c.  9,982  Ib.  (328), 
then  7-yr.  av.,  9156.42  Ib.  (2,161);  10th  c.-in  1913-11,076  Ib.  (364),  llth 
c.  9,844  Ib.  (326),  12th  c.  7,280  Ib.  (276).  Six  of  her  progeny  have 
records:  19434  Red  Duchess-lst  c.  6,967  Ib.  (327);  20366  Graceful,  6- 
yr.  av.,  7,194  Ib.  (1,853);  20777  Locket-2d  c.-8,001  Ib.  (328),  3d  c. 
7,033  Ib.  (364),  5th  c.  8,708  Ib.  (313),  6th  c.  8,352  Ib.  (338);  21723 
Longford  Odalisque,  5-yr.  av.,  7508.8  Ib.  (1,505);  22658  Longford 
Attraction,  2-yr.  av.,  7744.5  Ib.  (648),  3d  c.,  in  1915,  8,828  Ib.  (346); 
22171  Longford  Demet-3d  c.-9,335  Ib.  (331),  4th  c.  9,914  Ib.  (315), 
5th  c.,  in  1915,  10,394  Ib.  (332). 

10815's  16814  Honeysuckle-2d  c.-6,860  Ib.  (343);  18960  Unity, 
11-yr.  av.,  6425.27  Ib.  (3,260);  18960's  22661  Longford  Magic,  15,870 
Ib.  (679), and  23084  Longford  Jollity-2d  c.  August  llth,  1915-9,351 
Ib.  (329).  Locket's  22172  Longford  Diamond,  2-yr.  av.,  7722.5  Ib. 
(623),  then  in  1915  9,244  Ib.  (327). 

Breed  Analyses:  4952  Honey  Bee,  N.  358.59,  S.  750,  RP.  91.40. 
13562  Golden  Bee,  N.  290.28,  S.  552.57,  RP.  157.15.  16732  Goldy  Locks, 
N.  297.04,  S.  528.35,  RP.  174.58. 

V23,  a  selection  from  High  Suffolk,  gr.-drs.  of  4105  Hasketon 
Lady:  8643  Lady  Bow-lst  c.-8,093  Ib.  (352),  then  7-yr.  av.,  7051.28 
Ib.  (2,146).  11411  Ladybird  3d-5th  c.-9,639  Ib.  (316),  6th  c.  9,579^ 
(343),  then  3-yr.  av.,  7,851  lb.'(893).  Third  in  descent,  11425  Lady- 
like 2d-2d  c.-8,596  Ib.  (345);  dry  18  days,  then  6,878  Ib.  (282);  7,904 
Ib.  (334),  9,784  Ib.  (339),  and  8,460  Ib.  (364). 


The  elder  Mr.  Samuel  Wolton,  farming  the  Butley  Abbey  lands, 
some  four  miles  from  the  East  Suffolk  coast — a  wealthy  area,  that  for 
400  years  appertained  to  an  Augustinian  Priory — began  with  a  Short- 
horn herd.  In  1848  he  bought  his  first  Red  Polled,  whose  progeny  com- 
peted at  the  1862  (Battersea)  R.  A.  S.  E.  Two  other  selections,  W2  and 
W3  were  added,  and  gave  the  herd  a  good  repute.  A  few  others  were 
bought  of  f  which  no  register  was  kept.  Of  these  last  there  are  rec- 
ords of  five  families  only. 

Of  records  of  Wl,  the  earliest  is  7665  Battersea  Princess  4th- 
4th  c.-8,210  Ib.  (332),  5th  c.  8,206  Ib.  (252),  then  6-yr.  av.,  7781.33  Ib. 
(1,632).  Her  9976  Battersea  5th-lst  c.-6,478  Ib.  (363),  7,293  Ib.  (289); 
10955  Batersea  Princess  5th,  8-yr.  av.,  7155.5  Ib.  (2,512);  16153  Bat- 
tersea Princess  6th-lst  c.-5,946  Ib.  (484).  9976's  [23618]  Battersea 
8th,  8208.2  Ib.,  fat  412.48. 

The  40  records  of  W2  include  many  made  at  Whitlingham,  and 
some  in  America,  tracing  back  to  that  Norfolk  area.  The  earliest,. 


46  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

1317  8th  Belle  of  Suffolk,  bred  by  Samuel  Wolton,  of  Butley,  who  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  1873.  When  12-yr.-old  her  record  9,573%  Ib. 
(357),  then  4-yr.  av.,  6,306  Ib.,  fat  3.1  to  4.00  (1,267).  5207  Bangle 
Belle,  dr.  of  1316  7th  Belle  of  Suffolk-lst  c.-5,965%  Ib.  (378),  4th  to 
7th  c.,  av.  6031.76  Ib.,  fat  4.1  to  4.6%  (1,190).  Gr.-dr.  of  5207,  5511 
Hair  Belle  2d-lst  c.-5,965^4  Ib.  (378),  2d  c.  9,879  Ib.  (512),  then  4-yr. 
av,.,  7999.6  Ib.,  fat  3.2  to  3.4  (1,379).  Her  13591  Hannah,  4-yr.  av., 
8,703  Ib.  (1,329).  Bangle  Belle's  4th  c.,  10507  Miss  Belle-lst  c.- 
5,037  Ib.  (300),  then  3-yr.  av.,  6,935  Ib.  (920);  5th  c.  11003  Bona, 
8-yr.,  av.,  6210.7  Ib.  (2,563). 

Dam  3254  13th  Belle  of  Suffolk's  6185  14th  Belle  of  Suffolk  made 
all  her  records  at  Whitlingham.  2d  c.  10,224%  Ib.  (660),  3d  c. 
8,724%  Ib.,  fat  3.8  (330),  5th  c.  9,186%  Ib.  (343);  then  3-yr.  av., 
6,563  Ib.  (1,017).  Her  8357  Blanche-2d  c-6,148%  Ib.,  fat  3.5  (343); 
10803  Suffolk,  3-yr.  av.,  5358  Ib.  (774);  and  12078  Brisk,  which-lst  c.- 
milked  713  days;  total  yield,  12,765%  Ib.;  then  dry  63  days  and  2d 
c.,  7,225^4  Ib.  (294);  on  grass  feed  alone,  5,079%  Ib.  (182);  3d  c. 
8,458  Ib.  (350),  dry  19  days.  Suffolk's  17666  Silex-lst  c.-10,201% 
Ib.  (416). 

Third  in  descent  from  59  Bridesmaid— W2,  4292  Pretty  Bride- 
4th  c.-8,585%  Ib.,  fat  3.4  (308)  Her  7720  Bridecake-lst  c.-6,841% 
Ib.,  fat  3.5  (350);  2d  c.  7,720  Ib.  (294). 

Breed  Analyses:  7th  Belle  of  Suffolk,  N.  187.5,  S.  612.5  RP.  200. 
Bangle  Belle,  N.  266.01,  S.  446.87,  RP.  287.10.  Miss  Belle,  N.  379.88, 
S.  280.15,  RP.  359.95.  Bona,  N.  424.50,  S.  246.28,  RP.  329.19. 

The  W2  American  records  are  a  most  noteworthy  lot.  They 
carry  us  back  by  many  generations  to  41  Belle  of  Suffolk — W2,  through 
611  Topsy,  which  was  transferred  from  the  Wolton  to  the  Stoke  herd. 
Her  gr.-dr.,  1251  Water  Fairy  was  next  in  Mr.  J.  J.  Colman's  Easton 
herd.  1943  Winsome,  daughter  of.  Water  Fairy  by  Grey  Spot  498, 
when  2-yr.-old  \vas  bought  at  Whitlingham  for  the  Mead  and  Kim- 
ball  importation  of  1882.  Romeo  741,  which  was  bought  at  the  same 
time,  covered  Winsome,  and  thus  5740  Minnie  was  got.  Then  the 
next  two  generations  were  sired  by  Commodore  1151,  a  son  of  Charles 
Martel,  whose  dam,  1133  Rosa — P3,  was  also  the  dam  of  Romeo.  From 
this  point  the  stock  on  both  sides  of  Bessie's  pedigree  were  American 
bred,  with -[17976]  Bessie  sixth  in  descent  from  Winsome.  Bessie's 
record  was  5706.2  Ib.,  fat  267.1  (303).  Her  progeny's  records: 
[26174]  J.  D.  L.  Bessie,  8385.9  Ib.,  fat  375.46;  [31725]  J.  D.  L.  Beauty 
(the  highest  return  yet  published) -1st  c.-10,019.8  Ib.,  fat  442.95,  3d 
c.  20,280.6  Ib.,  fat  891.58;  J.  D.  L.  Buto-lst  C.-8629.1  Ib.,  fat  437.89. 
[26174's]  [30173]  J.  D.  L.  Beatrice,  7783.8  Ib.,  fat  321.52  [34865] 
J.  D.  L.  Brunette-lst  C.-8613.4  Ib.,  fat  404.67. 

Breed  Analyses:  Winsome,  N.  305.46,  S.  184.17,  RP.  510.35.  Bes- 
sie, N.  466.68,  S.  268.11,  RP.  265.16.  J.  D.  L.  Beauty,  N.  478.24,  S. 
180.82,  RP.  339.32. 

Of  107  W3  records,  those  are  selected  that  best  illustrate  the 
several  lines  in  which  the  mating  has  been  diverse.  Whitlingham 
added  the  best  of  the  Wolton  breeding  in  1891. 

Of  the  375  Nelly  type:  2018  Betsy-6th  c.-8,943^4  Ib.  (336),  then 
3-yr.  av.,  8282.33  Ib.,  fat  3.1  to  4.3  (1,051);  last  calf,  7,458  Ib.  (247). 
3501  Helena, '6-yr.-old,  8,697%  Ib.  (315);  then  6-yr.  av.,  7,673.7  Ib., 
fat  3.6  (1,443).  15248  Lena  3d-lst  c.-6,418  Ib.  (315);  then  2-yr.  av., 
5327.5  Ib.  (544).  13916  Miss  Betsy-3d  c.-7,870  Ib.  (329),  6th  to  8th 
c.,  3-yr.  av.,  9080.7  Ib.  (1015).  13315  Clarissa,  which  began  her  record 
at  Whitlingham  and  carried  it  on  in  Lord  Rothchild's  herd,  came 
into  the  375  Nelly  series  through  her  dam,  6240  Chrissy,  transferred 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  47 

from  Mr.  B.  Stimpson's  herd.  Clarissa's-lst  c.-8,382:!4  Ib.  (357),  2d  c. 
6,779%  Ib.  (315),  9,547%  Ib.  (359),  7,161%  Ib.,  5th  c.,  February  9th 
to  March  23d,  1905,  not  recorded;  8,024  Ib.  to  September  30th;  6th 
c.  May  9th,  1906,  11,118  Ib.  (332);  7th  and  8th  c.  (twin),  12,005  Ib. 

Breed  Analyses:  -Chrissy,  N.  531.44,  S.  177.42,  RP.  291.11.     Clar- 
(303);  9th  c.  12,577  Ib.  (328). 
issa,  N.  541.54,  S.  122.88,  RP.  335.52. 

18179  Mona,  which  came  into  the  Nelly  series  through  Mr.  Horace 
Wolton's  3610  Newbourn  Nelly,  had,  up  to  December  31st,  1915,  made 
in  the  Longford  Castle  herd  the  heaviest  continuous  record  of  any 
Red  Polled  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Her  record  opened  with  1,306 
Ib.  (35),  then,  from  November  1st,  1905,  it  proceeds  year  by  year 
—10,487  Ib.  (351),  8,083  Ib.  (318),  11,214  Ib.  (331),  10,198  Ib.  (299). 
13,637  Ib.  (307),  14,713  Ib.  (364);  6th  c.  on  August  17th,  1910— and 
milked  to  March  5th,  1912— from  August  27th,  6,095  Ib.  (192),  12,958 
(361),  10,702  Ib.  (303),  11,883  Ib.  (314);  total  of  10  yrs.  5  wks., 
111,276  Ib.  in  3,175  days.  Competing  at  the  London  Dairy  Show  in 
October,  1910,  when  she  had  been  in  milk  after  6th  c.  49  days,  gave 
64.6  Ib.  as  the  two  mornings'  yield,  54.6  Ib.  the  evenings';  fat  per- 
centage, 4.88  and  5.14;  solids,  13.84  and  15.9;  total  points,  120.0. 

The  dam  of  Mona,  17171  Minnie,  record  began  in  Lord  Radnor's 
herd  with  3d  c.,  10,548  Ib.  (338),  and  then  7.277  Ib.  (357),  8,579% 
Ib.  (318),  8,899  Ib.  (322),  8,512  Ib.  (331).  Her  18271  Jane-lst  c.- 
9,271%  Ib.  (348),  2d  c.  5,869  Ib.  (300),  then  5-yr.  av.,  7378.4  Ib. 
(1,442).  Her  21722  Longford  Minerva,  3-yr.  av.,  8,316  Ib.  (944). 
(Mona's  1st  c.,  24216  Longford  Nomad  began  her  record  on  July  27th, 
1915. 

Breed  Analyses:  Minnie,  N.  463.76,  S.  301.83,  RP.  244.38.  Mona, 
N.  444.36,  S.  282.45,  RP.  273.14. 

Of  the  565  Starry  type:  3579  Star,  14-yr.-old,  10,416  Ib.,  fat  3.5 
(343);  6,725  Ib.  (336),  9,391%  Ib.  (308).  3762  Starry  3d-5th  c.- 
7,487  Ib.  (274),  7th  c.  7,447  Ib.  (335),  8th  c.  6,570  Ib.  (350).  Her 
5143  Starry  4th-3d  c.-7,688  Ib.  (343)  then  4-yr.  av.,  7733.25  Ib.  (1,307). 
2591  Venus  2d,  lO-yr.-old,  10,216%  Ib.,  fat  3.0  (364);  then  8,548  Ib., 
fat  4.3  (357);  and  4-yr.  av.,  6,729  Ib.  (1258).  9842  Starry  8th-lst  c.- 
6,243  Ib.  (330),  3d  c.  9,764  Ib.  (536).  Venus  2d's  9055  Venusa-3d  c.- 
11,171  Ib.  (647).  Starry -4th's  gr.-dr.,  18318  Starry  Child,  2-yr.  av., 
5,734  Ib.,  fat  4.0  (606). 

383  Newbourn  Pride,  a  daughter  of  375  Nelly,  was,  in  1873,  trans- 
ferred from  Butley  Abbey  to  Troston,  and  there  had  a  long  array  of 
descendants.  The  earliest  record  is  that  of  5733  Mingle,  gr.-dr.  of 
1708  Newbourn  Pride  7th,  7-yr.  av.,  6997.6  Ib.,  highest  record,  8,430% 
Ib.  (347).  Mingle's  8739  Minx,  14-yr.  av.,  7,804  Ib.  (4,624);  highest 
records,  10th  c.  10,541  Ib.  (343),  llth  c.  9,062%  Ib.  (359).  Her  13784 
Little  Minx,  6th  to  10th  c.,  5-yr.  av.,  7072.5  Ib.  (1,609).  Little  Minx's 
20532  Rendlesham  Minx  2d-lst  c.-5,051%  Ib.  (295),  then  3-yr.  av., 
5,039  Ib.  (977);  and  18628  Eraser's  Folly-2d  c.-8,102%  Ib.  (358);  then 
5-yr.  av.,  8064.6  Ib.  (1,447).  Fourth  in  descent  from  Newbourn  Pride 
7th,  15422  Mindful  2d-lst  C.-7/703  Ib.  (450). 

Mingle's  10494  Minnesota-lst  c.-9,861%  Ib.  (656)...  Fourth  in 
descent  from  1051  Newbourn  Pride  4th,  8371  Brandeston  Maid  4th  to 
6th  c.,  3-yr.  av.,  8010.5  Ib.  Her  11009  Brandeston  Maiden,  2-yr.  av., 
7,301  Ib.  (695),  and  16379  Comely  Maid-lst  c.-5,371  Ib.  (250),  then 
2-yr.  av.,  7,048  Ib.  (662).  Third  in  descent  from  3024  Newbourn 
Pride  12th,  17981  Daffodil,  6th  to  8th  c.,  3-yr.  av.,  7434.66  Ib.  (856). 
Her  20676  Cheriton  Daffodil-lst  c.-9,098  Ib.  (415),  5th  c.,  in  1914, 
8,170  Ib.  (312). 


48  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

Of  W9,  the  only  worthy  record  is  that  of  6480  Lady's  Slave-lst 
c.-7,024  Ib.  (266),  then  5-yr.  av.,  8,253  Ib.  (1,520);  highest  record- 
5th  c.-10,490  Ib.  (306). 

W10  records  were  opened  at  Tring.  6224  Butter-board-2d  c.- 
12,293  Ib.  (320).  From  the  same  dam,  4482  Buttercup;  7724  Butter- 
print-lst  c.-6,399  Ib.  (224);  then  3-yr.  av.,  7692.66  Ib.  (975).  Butter- 
board's  7725  Butterscotch-lst  c.-ll,131  Ib.  (682),  then  5,837  Ib.  (280). 
Her  12389  Hastoe  Butterscotch,  15,961  Ib.  (764).  Second  in  descent 
from  Butter-board,  12271  Grace  Darling,  7,502%  Ib.  (388);  then 
8,594%  Ib.  (294).  14504  Butterboard  2d,  3-yr.  av.,  6703.66  Ib.  (989). 
Butterprint's  11041  Buttermaid-lst  c.-6,846  Ib.  (378). 

2037  Bracelet— W14,  in  the  Easton  Park  herd-3d  c.-9,283  Ib. 
(323).  2208  The  Gem-4th  c.-9,363&  Ib.  (277).  4719  Snowball— W15, 
7-yr.  av.,  6,489  Ib.  Her  10711  Snowdrift,  9-yr.  av.,  6984.26  Ib.  (2,734); 
highest  record,  9,381  Ib.  (298).  Snowdrift's  14263  Snowdrop-lst  c.- 
4,978  Ib.  (245),  then  4-yr.  av.,  8445.37  Ib.  (1,289);  and  17678  Snow- 
flake  1st,  6,977%  Ib.  (315)  then  8,716  Ib.  (290),  8,348%  Ib.  (333).  Snow- 
drop's 20031  Rendlesham  Snowdrop,  4-yr.  av.,  5,929  Ib.  (321)  5th  c., 
6,749%  Ib.  (330);  and  21323  Red  Gal-3d  c.-5,965  Ib.  (260),  7,164 
Ib.  (335). 


The  name  Pond  was  only  a  memory  some  years  after  the  Red 
Polled  had  their  register.  But  in  the  spring  of  the  year  1882  Mr. 
Wm.  Bradfield,  of  Elmham,  told  me  he  had  acquired  two  Pond  cows. 
He  accompanied  me  to  the  farm  at  Castle  Rising,  where  there  were 
a  few  others.  A  Mr.  J.  Rivett  had  taken  over  from  an  old  Mr.  Wiffen, 
of  Tittleshall,  Ben  Pond's  highly  valued  cows,  and  we  found  on  the 
steading  a  6-yr.  old  cow,  2450  Polly,  and  three  2-yr.-old  heifers.  The 
owner  had  intended  to  fatten  them,  but  Mr.  Fulcher  lost  no  time  in 
recovery  of  the  lot,  and  after  much  diplomacy  also  secured  from  Riv- 
ett the  bull  Falstaff  303,  which  some  six  or  seven  years  before  had 
been  bred  by  the  Rector  of  Elmham.  Falstaff,  after  doing  good  ser- 
vice in  Norfolk,  was  shippeed  to  Mr.  G.  K.  Taber  at  Pawling,  New 
York. 

•Whitlingham  made  all  the  early 'milk  records  of  the  Pond  1  Norf. 
Group.  2457  Poppy,  8-yr.  old.,  6,636y2  Ib.  (270);  then  7,149%  Ib. 
(251),  and  after  2  years,  her  last  record,  8,488%  Ib.  (259).  Poppy's 
daughter's  records  varied  between  3,000  Ib.  and  7,500  Ib.  in  the  year's 
yield.  5852  Pop  2d-4th  c.-9,402%  Ib.,  fat  5.2  (343).  Pop  2d's  7412 
Polly-3d  c.-8,224  Ib.  (343),  and  her  10619  Perfidy,  7-yr.  av.,  6421.83 
Ib.  (2,095),  within  two  years  record  a  long  carrying  over  of  the  yield 
after  calving.  Pop  2d's  12830  Purity  gave  a  more  steady  record:  6- 
yr.  av.,  6209.16  Ib.  (1,976),  a  result  that  possibly  was  in  large  measure 
due  to  the  sire  Red  Prince  2902.  Perfidy's  19398  Perquisite-lst  c.- 
6,866  Ib.  (306),  2d  c.  5,986  Ib.  (329);  and  19966  Perish-lst  c.-6,909 
Ib.  (301),  then  a  4-yr.  av.,  8200.25  Ib.  (1,210).  12470  Jenny  Jones,  third 
in  descent  from  the  cow  Polly,  which  Mr.  Fulcher  bought,  had  a  2-yr. 
av.,  7,373  Ib.  Her  18117  Joyful  4th  and  5th  c.-16,048  Ib.  (679);  and 
18683  Judith  4-yr.  av.,  7782.67  Ib.  Judith's  20423  Judith  2d,  4-yr.  av., 
7975.9  Ib.,  highest  record,  9,782%  Ib.  Fifth  in  descent  from  2606 
Wiffin  Cherry,  which  Mr.  Bradfield  had  bought  of  Rivett,  17388  Pon- 
dicherry-lst  c.-3947%  Ib.  (252);  then  after  14  days  dry,  8,364%  Ib. 
(350). 

American  Records:  8796  Nonesuch,  16-yr.-old,  8500.4  Ib.,  fat 
295.18  (354).  Her  gr.  dr.  [26710]  Nina,  9638.5  Ib.,  fat  394.14  (340); 
10723.6  Ib.,  fat  465.45.  [31471]  Nonie,  7952.4  Ib.,  fat  262.47. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  49 

Breed  Analyses:  Nonesuch,  N.  577.71,  S.  8587,  RP.  336.39.  Nina,, 
N.  533.88,  S.  133.75,  RP.  332.11. 


2  Norf  Group  had  its  origin  in  a  Norfolk  Polled  herd,  the  care  of 
the  Mann  family,  at  Great  Ellingham,  from  the  early  years  of  the 
19th  century,  with,  in  1863,  an  infusion  of  the  Elmham  blood.  Mir. 
F.  J.  Mann  kept  no  milk  record,  but  these  are  available  from  1895, 
by  4183  Margery  Daw,  2-yr.  av.,  5,780  Ib.  (453).  Her  7921  Lady  Cop- 
ley, 3d  and  4th  c.  av.,  6,707  Ib.  (646).  8968  Martha-5th  c.,  with  6th 
c.  on  December  llth-6,871  Ib.  (263),  and  6,725  Ib.  (287).  9581  Miss 
Betsy,  4th  to  6th  c.  av.,  7206.75  Ib.  (979).  10644  Madrigal-2d  c.- 
5,660  Ib.  (364).  21752  Miss  Rosamond,  2-yr.  av.,  7,158  Ib. 

5  Norf.,  Now  in  America:  [22714]  Helen,  8140.8  Ib.,  fat  349.31 
7402.8  Ib.,  fat  303.48.  [24230]  Hilda,  7509.4  Ib.,  fat  280.92;  7723.5 
Ib.  (315).  22392  Violet  2d-lst  c.-8,306y2  Ib.  (322),  then  3-yr.  av., 


A  new  Norfolk  Group  has  been  bred  at  Gressenhall  by  Mr.  John 
E.  Hill  with  the  four  generations  the  get  of  registered  sires  as  the 
foundation.  22075  Daisy  2d,  10,027^4  Ib.  (257),  and  9,708^4  Ib.,  fat  3.3. 
Her  22076  Daisy  3d-2d  c.-8,012  Ib.  (353),  then  4-yr.  av.,  7,303  Ib.,  fat 
4.5.  22222  Poley  6th-3d  c.-ll,412%  Ib.,  fat  3.5.  22055  Cherry  3d 
11,518%  Ib.  (384);  then  3-yr.  av.,  9,064  Ib.,  fat  4.1,  and  in  1915, 
9,550V2  Ib.  (347).  22124  Guist  6th-lst  c.  6,011%  Ib.  (385),  then  3-yr. 
av.,  8597.8  Ib.,  fat  3.5;  followed  in  1914-5th  c.-ll,4241/2  Ib.,  and  8,626% 
Ib.  (365)  in  1915.  22223  Poppy  6th,  10,847%  Ib.  (355),  7,411  Ib.  (337), 
11,412%  Ib.,  fat  3.5,  12,923%  Ib.  in  1914,  13,449  Ib.,  and  then  7,437% 
Ib.  (315).  22392  Violet  2d-lst  c.-8,306y2  Ib.  (322),  the  3-yr.  av., 
7129.9  Ib.,  and  in  1914,  10,155%  Ib.,  9,214^4  Ib.  (275)  in  1915. 
Eight  other  young  cows  have  recorded  in  the  last  two  years,  all  alike 
full  of  promise  for  this  latest  trial  of  careful  breeding  by  registered 
sires,  from  selected  Norfolk  Red  Polled  unregistered  cows. 


The  Suffolk  Groups,  which  began  to  register  in  1883,  include 
some  lines  of  breeding  that  characterized  families  registered  in  the 
previous  three  issues  of  'the  Herd  Book.  4217  Miss  Barney — 1  Suff., 
gr.-dr.  of  Mr.  Gooderham's  selection,  4-yr.  av.,  4,608  Ib.,  fat  3.7  to  4.5 
(1,031).  Fourth,  in  descent  from  her  10959  Miss  Barney-lst  c.-ll,887 
Ib.  (672).  Her  19007  Beautiful  Barn-lst  c.-6,848  Ib.  (322),  then  4-yr. 
av.,  7917.75  Ib.  (1,164);  and  7th  c.,  in  1914,  8,145  Ib.  (302). 

2  Suff.  takes  the  name  of  E.  Boon,  a  Brandeston  farmer,  who  for 
over  twenty  years  bred  true  to  the  Red  Polled  type.  There  are  53 
records. 

Mrs.  J.  F.  Chevallier,  who  carred  on  the  enquiring  and  careful 
work  which  the  Mrs.  Chevallier,  of  the  closing  years  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury, carried  through,  as  reported  by  Arthur  Young,  added  to  the 
Aspall  Hall  herd,  in  1890,  two  cows  from  the  Boon  herd.  The  prog- 
eny are  yet  in  the  Aspall  herd.  The  older  of  the  two,  2252  Hester, 
in  her  14th  year  in  the  herd,  gave  birth  to  her  18th  c.  Her  record 
as  an  8-yr.-old  was  7,078  Ib.  (292);  her  9th  to  llth  c.  av.,  7496.83 
Ib.  (937),  with  other  6-yr.  av.,  6652.66  Ib.,  the  last  year  of  which  was 
7,517  Ib.  The  other  introduction  into  the  herd,  2867  Hannah,  began 
as  6-yr.-old,  6878  Ib.  (373),  then  11,577%  Ib.  (436),  8,446^4  Ib.  (283), 
6,147%  Ib.  (283),  and  4,909  Ib.  (310). 


-50  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

Hester's  7518  Shepherdess,  2-yr.  av.,  4,321  Ib.  (686);  8244  Sweet- 
as-Honey-3d  c.-5,346  Ib.  (344),  then  2-yr.  av.,  4761.5  Ib.,  followed  by 
7-yr.  av.,  7880.5  Ib.  9127  Beehive-lst  c.-6,660  Ib.  and  7,084  Ib.,  then 
8-yr.  av.,  9396.3  Ib.  11219  Fair  Hester,  1st  and  2d  c.-15,685V2  Ib.; 
then  10-yr.  av.,  7,815  Ib.,  of  which  two  years  were-5th  c. -9,043  Ib., 
8th  c.  9,059  Ib.  12961  Shepherdess,  3-yr.  av.,  7907.66  Ib.  14241 
Shepherdetes  2d,  6,754  Ib.,  and  Hester's  17th  c.,  15534  New  Hester, 
2-yr.  av.,  5,375  Ib.:  a  noteworthy  record  of  one  cow's  life! 

12961  Shepherdess'  18201  New  Shepherdess-2d  c.-7,358V2  Ib.,  and 
19072  Cassia  2d-lst  c.-5,950  Ib.,  then  8,0581/2  Ib.,  8,687  Ib.,  10,458  Ib., 
10,968  Ib.,  9,856  Ib.,  9,318  Ib.,  10,829  Ib.,  10,098  Ib.  (346).  Cassia's 
22436  Aspall  Psyche-lst  c.-6,624  Ib.,  7,981  Ib.  (281),  and  in  1915,  8,777 
Ib.  (320).  Beehive's  gr.-drs.,  21533  Aspall  Pearmain,  5-yr.  av.,  S923.-6 
Ib.;  highest  record,  9,881  Ib.;  21987  Aspall  Pearmain  3d,  6989.5  Ib. 
New  Shepherdess'  gr.-drs.,  21536  Aspall  Princess,  4-yr.  av.,  6,086 
Ib.;  and  21537  Aspall  Princess  2.d-2d  c.-7,048  Ib.,  and  3-yr.  av.,  6114.33 
Ib.  Sweet-as-Honey's  17291  Noisette  2d,  5-yr.  av.,  7,341  Ib.,  then 
9,750  Ib.,  11,050  Ib.,  9,878  Ib.,  7,970  Ib. 

Breed  Analyses:  Hester,  S.  975,  RP.  25.  12691  Shepherdess, 
N.  119.34,  S.  795.16,  RP.  8545.  Cassia  2d,  N.  190.35,  S.  705.92,  RP. 
103.70. 

4817  Charm— 2  Suff.,  ll-yr.-old,  8,045  Ib.  (335).  Her  6237  The 
Charmer-lst  c.-5,792  Ib.  (217),  6,168  Ib.  (308),  9,424  Ib.  (350).  The 
Charmer's  8316  Ashlyns  Charmer-lst  c.-8,763y2  Ib.  (294),  then  2-yr. 
av.,  8,344  Ib.  (651).  Her  16123  Ashlyns-lst  c.-6,158  Ib.  (395).  Third 
in  descent  from  8316,  21257  May,  4-yr.  av.,  7,502  Ib.  (1,282). 

7346  Moth— 2  Suff.-lst  c.-September  30th,  1893,  to  31st  December, 
1894,  11,213  Ib.  (415);  then  9,743  Ib.  (324),  to  10,210  Ib.  (315,), 
13,468  Ib.  (343).  Her  11321  Hastoe  Butterfly-2d  c.-7,670  Ib.  (318). 
11321's  Birthright,  5,774  Ib.  (375),  5,516  Ib.  (326). 


4349  Sappho — 4  Suff.,  5  to  8-yr.-old,  av.,  7633.33  Ib.;  then  11,580 
Ib.  (428),  7,720  Ib.  (237),  9,716  Ib.  (355).  Her  6804  Susan-lst  c.- 
6,618%  Ib.  (279);  4th  c.  9,427  Ib.  Susan's  9146  Bessie-lst  c.-5,441 
Ib.,  then  3-yr.  av.,  6109.5  Ib.,  and  subsequent  3-yr.  total,  25,112  Ib. 
Bessie's  1426  Sabina,  3-yr.  av.,  6,204  Ib. 

4918  Frump— 6  Suff.,  4-yr.  av.,  8684.24  Ib.  Her  7880  Fuchsia, 
6,783  Ib.  (650). 

11878  Tassel— 9  Suff.,  3(1  to  9th  c.,  7-yr.  av.,  7,466.35  Ib.  (2,281); 
then  10th  c.  9,239V2  Ib.  (265)  llth  c.  10,205V2  Ib.  (3.22).  Her  18256 
Rendlesham  Tasty-lst  c.-5,899  Ib.  (353). 

DEVELOPED  QUALITIES 

In  selecting  the  Milk  Records  which  would  be  a  sure  foundation 
for  a  demonstration  of  Progressive  Inheritance,  it  has  been  the  rule 
to  transcribe  those  of  the  earliest  published  yearly  returns  which 
had  given  the  best  results,  the  date  of  the  records  usually  corre- 
sponding. The  array  of  figures,  which  may,  as  a  whole  be  of  interest 
to  the  student  of  eugenics,  will  be  seen  to  be  only  a  fraction  of  the 
material  available.  The  breeder  of  the  Red  Polled  will  find  that  the 
family  he  has  in  his  herd  has  its  representatives,  and  it  may  be  that 
he  will  thence  get  something  that  will  be  helpful  to  him.  This  I  will 
say,  as  neither  breeder  nor  owner,  that  forty  years'  study  of  the  evo- 
lution of  a  new  British  breed  of  "dual  purpose"  cattle  has  been  a 
pleasant  relaxation  to  the  journalist.  I  hope  the  labour  that  ends  it 
will  be  serviceable  to  hundreds  of  folk  on  both  sides  the  Atlantic. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  51 

The  published  .milk  records  in  England  have  been  set  down  in 
the  Herd  Book  for  each  year  in  succession  since  the  autumn  of  1890. 
The  student  of  my  transcript  will  recognize  that  where  the  first  calf's 
record  is  mentioned  it  represents  the  heifer's  yield  from  the  date 
of  birth  to  the  last  day  of  the  365,  which  is  the  standard  close  of  the 
year  in  that  particular  herd — the  end  of  September,  October,  or  De- 
cember. That  where  my  transcript  begins  with  second  calf  the  rec- 
ord includes  part  of  the  yield  of  the  heifer  after  the  birth  of  the  first 
calf,  the  dry  term  of  days,  and  the  early  portion  of  the  yield  after 
the  birth  of  the  second  calf,  and  so  on  for  each  year  named.  Where 
theire  has  been  set  down  the  average  yield  of  a  named  number  of 
years,  the  number  of  days  of  the  milk  yield  period  is  within  paren- 
theses. The  student  is  thus  able  to  note  how  far  the  claim  of  the 
Red  Polled  to  be  "a  great  stayer"  is  borne  out  in  that  particular  in- 
stance. It  is  a  fact  worth  noting  that  there  are  in  not  a  few  herds 
instances  of  continuous  milk  yielding  two  or  more  years  while  giving 
birth  to  a  calf  each  year.  To  name  one  instance  only,  Mr.  R.  Harvey 
Mason's  19220  Gemma — N4,  whose  record  and  breed  analysis  are  set 
down  in  a  previous  page — From  Jan.  1st  of  her  2d  year,  1907,  milked 
continuously,  well  into  1911,  and  then  was  dry  28  days  only,  while 
the  year's  total  was  9,878  Ibs.  for  337  days.  This  quality  of  stead- 
fastness has  been  the  recommendation  of  the  Red  Polled  to  many  a 
purchaser  in  all  lands.  It  must  also  be  noted  that  not  a  few  of  the 
cattle  hold  up  the  milk  for  some  days  after  being  shaken  in  a  railway 
train,  so  that  it  is  a  fallacy  to  cite  a  day  or  even  two  days'  testing 
in  a  show-yard  as  demonstration  of  the  value  of  that  particular  cow. 
The  fact  has  been  known  many  a  year.  Proof  may  be  read  in  the 
Herd  Book  of  1900  (Vol.  17  British  edition,  Vol.  12  American  edition), 
in  a  report  made  to  the  then  Secretary  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Bruce,  who  had 
been  Steward  of  the  Norfolk  Agricultural  Association  Show  at  Diss 
in  1899. 


Steadfastness,  which  term  may  be  honestly  used  as  a  character- 
istic of  the  present-day  Red  Polled,  may  be  deemed  to  be  a  modern 
development  of  an  inherent  quality  that  had  not  been  fostered.  We 
have  Arthur  Young,  in  his  "Minutes"  dated  January,  1786,  protesting 
against  certain  High  Suffolk  practices. 

These  three  points — (1)  two-year-old  bulls,  (2)  two-year-old  cows,  (3)  not 
weaning  their  first  calves — are  fully  sufficient  to  account  for  the  smallness  of  the 
breed  here.  But  it  must  be  admitted,  that  if  they  can  get  as  much  milk  from  a 
small  cow  as  from  a  large  one,  they  are  not  for  this  to  be  condemned.  .  .  How- 
ever we  may  condemn  their  management,  upon  these  ideas  of  breeding,  as  exerted 
in  the  Midland  Counties,  where  the  greatest  attention  is  paid  to  every  circumstance; 
still,  we  must  admit  what  cannot  be  denied,  that  they  possess  the  best  race  of  milk- 
ers that  are  known  in  this  island:  that  their  profits,  considering  the  size  of  their 
cows,  are  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  known ;  and  that  in  their  food,  and  in  the 
management  of  their  dairies,  I  know  nothing  more  perfect. 

The  talk  at  Wheycurd  Hall  by  Young  and  Reeve  cannot  have 
been  without  full  consideration  of  these  particulars.  John  Reeve's 
first  evidence  of  his  new  work  was  a  bull  two  years  old,  which  bull 
he  again  showed  when  four  years  old.  Again,  during  26  years  he 
exercised  his  superior  judgment  in  the  selection  of  cows  and  bulls, 
which  met  his  ideal  of  what  was  then  termed  the  "general  purpose" 
cow.  The  now  generally  adopted  term  had  been  used  in  the  form 
"breeds  claiming  dual  purpose  character"  in  the  report  on  the  Pan- 
American  Exposition  drafted  by  Mr.  J.  McLain  Smith,  of  Dayton, 
Ohio,  for  presentation  to  the  "Red  Polled  Cattle  Club"  when  it  met 
at  Chicago  on  December  4th,  1901.  (The  old-fashioned  term  has,  by 


52       ,  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

an  American  journalists  happy  thought,  when  writing  of  the  Red 
Polled  in  Kansas,  as  "The  Farmer's  Cow,"  given  place  to  a  much 
more  compact  and  accurate  description:  "The  Dual-Purpose  Cow." 
It  may  truly  be  said  the  characteristic  just  named  is  a  modern  in- 
stance of  evolution  carefully  thought  out  on  lines  corresponding  with 
what  we  now  know  as  the  Mendel  law.  John  Reeve  could  not  fail  to 
see  that  success  depended  on  careful  selection  of  the  true  dual-pur- 
pose blood-red  polled  cow — the  "new  breed,"  and  a  withdrawal  of 
such  of  the  progeny  as  were,  wholly  of  the  Suffolk  type,  and  those 
which  were  of  the  mixed  type.  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  a  Devon 
schoolmaster,  about  the  same  time  as  John  Reeve  found  the  secret 
of  hybridisation,  also  found  it  by  the  cultivation  of  a  variety  of  the 
pea  (as  did  the  Brunn  Augustinian  Abbot,  Gregor  Johann  Mendel, 
some  fifty  years  later);  but  he  did  not  bring  it  to  perfection  because 
he  failed  to  cast  aside  growths  that  did  not  wholly  fulfill  the  ideal 
"new  type." 


The  many  records  of  milk  yield  which  have  been  published  since 
1886,  and  quoted  in  foregoing  pages,  show  that  there  was,  thirty 
years  ago,  much  diversity  in  the  detail  of  the  number  of  days  in 
the  year's  yield.  That  since  there  has  been  much  attention  paid 
to  the  production  of  milk  after  the  birth  of  the  first  and  second 
calves  there  is  a  much  larger  proportion  of  cows  which  milk  steadily 
300  days  and  over  in  the  year.  And  that  no  small  amount  of  the  im- 
provement is  due  to  the  judgment  used  in  the  choice  of  the  sire  for 
its  dam's  proven  worth. 

The  old-time  fault  of  a  too  early  breeding  of  heifers  is  now 
well-nigh  unknown.  In  its  place  we  have  much  more  attention  paid 
to  the  young  stock,  so  that  the  display  of  yearling  and  two-year- 
old  Red  Polled  heifers  at  a  show,  and  even  on  a  farm,  is  "a  thing 
of  beauty,"  and,  if  owners  and  breeders  be  wise,  also  "a  joy  forever" 
to  old  and  young  folk.  When  opportunity  serves,  such  stock  live 
their  natural  life  on  a  wealthy  marsh,  meadow,  or  park,  so  that 
when  the  first  calf  is  born  there  is  full  life  for  it  as  well  as  for  the  dam. 
The  evidence  of  this  is  seen  in  the  dozens  of  records  of  a  continuous 
yield  of  milk  quoted  in  the  essay.  One  such  instance  is  found  in 
the  last  record  published  at  Whitlingham:  12078  Brisk — W2  extend- 
ed its  yield,  after  the  birth  of  the  first  calf,  to  713  days.  After  the 
heifer  had  63  days  rest,  the  second  calf's  birth  was  followed  by  a 
yield  of  7,225  *4  lb.  milk  in  the  remaining  294  days  of  the  year,  and 
a  yield,  after  the  third  calf,  of  8,458  lb.  milk  in  350  days  of  the  365 
in  that  year.  Her  further  history  is  not  available  since  she  was 
sold  when  the  Red  Polled  stock  had  to  be  offered  by  public  auction — 
the  Norwich  Town  Council  being  required  by  governmental  author- 
ities to  take  possession  of  the  farm.  In  many  another  instance  the 
success  of  the  practice  of  a  prolonged  milk  period  after  the  birth 
of  the  first  calf  cannot  be  determined,  because  the  evidence  was  too 
strong  to  be  resisted  by  the  buyer  of  cows,  breeders  as  well  as  dairy- 
men, who  sought  after  "a  good  milker." 


Another  bit  of  similar  Red  Polled  history  given  in  an  earlier 
page  extends  to  the  present  time,  and  has  its  worth  on  both  sides 
of  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  transcript  of  T.  group  records  contains 
those  of  2716  Coronet — Tl,  and  some  of  her  descendants.  Coronet's 
first  calf  was  born  when  a  record  of  milk  yield  had  not  begun  at 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  53 

Whitlingham.  Her  2d  calf  was  born  on  April  23d,  1888;  milk  yield, 
9,103  lb.;  then  on  May  4th,  1889,  her  3d  calf.  And  she  had  given 
12,253  lb.  milk  when,  on  May  25th,  1890,  she  was  exported  to  Amer- 
ica while  yet  her  week's  yield  was  157  lb.  The  results  of  a  test  of 
her  milk,  taken  on  three  consceutive  days  in  1888,  when  she  was  on 
grass  feed  only,  will  be  set  forth  in  the  section  of  this  essay  which 
relates  to  butter  production.  5367  Coronet  2d  was  Coronet's  3d  calf, 
and  was  sired  by  lago  1025.  After  her  2d  calf  and  during  part  of 
the  next  year  she  was  set  apart  for  a  special  purpose,  and  as  the 
milk  was  taken  from  the  farm  only  a  portion  of  each  day's  return 
was  weighed  and  entered  on  the  record  sheets,  to  be  copied  into  the 
carefully  kept  farm  accounts.  The  record  shows  that  she  thence- 
forward gave  a  total  yield  of  29,956y2  lb.  milk  in  1,461  days,  with 
a  3.5  per  cent  butter  fat  content  when  on  grass  feed.  Her  maximum 
yield  of  milk,  after  4th  calf,  8,770%  lb.  in  354  days.  This  Coronet's 
3d  calf  was  Corporal  4313,  whose  sire  was  Red  Prince  2902,  and 
its  dam  a  Tl  cow.  The  record  of  5367  Coronet  2d's  6th  calf,  14723 
Coronet  3d,  sired  by  Redmond  5147,  was:  1st  c.  9,963%  lb.  yield 
in  539  days,  then  a  59  days'  rest,  and  a  further  yield  of  8,052%  lb., 
and  one  of  8,022%  lb.,  in  the  year  1904.  Then  she  was  sold.  Her 
4th  calf  was  born  on  January  28th,  1905,  and  the  milk  record — 
after  purchase  and  a  railway  journey  to  Tring  Park — From  April  12 
to  September  30,  1908,  was  11,112  lb.  in  632  days,  followed  by  8,378 
lb.  in  252  days  after  the  5th  calf.  The  cow  as  is  told  in  a  previous 
page,  is  yet  doing  its  part  in  Wexford  County,  and  has  there  given 
birth  to  both  bulls  and  heifers.  To  return  to  Coronet  2d's  story, 
as  shown  by  Corporal  4313.  He  was  the  sire  in  Wisconsin  of  [24888] 
Pear — K25,  whose  good  record  is  given  in  a  previous  page,  while 
her  yet  more  noteworthy  daughter  [28991]  J.  D.  L.  Pear,  has  two 
successive  years'  record  of  13160.6  lb.  milk  and  16598.4  lb.  milk;  for 
the  two  years,  1253.58  lb.  butter  fat,  estimated  butter  1566.97  lb. 
One  of  Corporal's  sons — there  are  no  fewer  than  40  making  a  repu- 
tation in  the  United  States — was  Proctor  Knott  [12092],  whose  gr.- 
dam,  1738  Polly  2d— Ell,  was  bred  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Easter  at  Stockton. 
This  Proctor  Knott  sired  [31725]  J.  D.  L.  Beauty— W2,  which  has 
won  for  herself  a  world-wide  notoriety  (the  details  are  set  out  in 
the  Butter  Production  section  of  this  essay),  and  [31729]  J.  D.  L. 
Latona  B20,  which  has  a  year's  record  of  11053.6  lb.  milk,  423.37  lb. 
butter  fat. 

On  another  line  of  Ell  breeding,  [40629],  J.  D.  L.  Purity — Ell, 
which  was  born  January  10,  1914,  was  junior  champion  at  Montana 
State  Fair  in  1915.  Her  sire  was  Ruperta's  Goods  [19226],  live 
weight  2,250  lb.  J.  D.  L.  Purity  having  dropped  her  first  calf  in 
April,  1916,  began  her  Advanced  Registry  test;  her  live  weight  1,230 
lb.  When  four  months  in  milk  she  entered  contest  at  Janesville, 
Wisconsin,  as  two-year-old  heifer,  having  then  to  her  credit  200  lb. 
butter  fat,  milking  twice  a  day;  won  the  grand  champion  female 
honor,  and  competing  in  the  two-days  dairy  contest,  with  fresh  Jer- 
sey and  Guernsey  cows,  won  third  place. 


Another  development  of  ,the  present  day  Red  Polled  is  seen  in 
its  betterment  in  an  environment  much  superior  to  that  which  in 
East  Anglia  affects  the  produce  of  the  soil  no  less  than  the  live  stock 
thereon.  Many  a  detail  is  to  be  found  in  the  transcript  of  "Progres- 
sive Milk  Inheritance,'7  where  full  particulars  are  given  of  Red 
Polled  cows  bred  in  East  Anglia  and  sent  thence  to  Lord  Rothschild's 


54  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

estate  in  Hertfordshire.  13315  Clarissa — W3  was  noteworthy  and 
of  general  repute  as  a  competitor.  Her  dam,  6246  Chrissy,  as  the 
records  show,  was  "a  good  milker."  Clarissa  began  her  career  at 
Whitlingham  with  a  high  promise.  This  was  more  than  fulfilled  un- 
der the  new  conditions,  which  brought  a  milk  yield  of  from  11,118 
Ib.  in  332  days  to  13,577  Ib.  in  328  days.  She  was  then  sold,  and  it  is 
not  unlikely  that  she  had  to  pay  the  all  too  common  dairyman's  pen- 
alty— the  being  sold  to  kill  when  she  had  given  a  year  or  two's  hand- 
some profit.  One  looks  in  vain  for  any  other  result,  by  registration 
of  Clarissa's  births. 

Both  18179  Mona — W3,  of  the  same  family  as  Clarissa,  but  of 
another  line  of  breeding,  and  her  dam,  17171  Minnie,  made  their 
records  in  a  more  favorable  environment  than  that  in  which  their 
predecessors  lived.  Minnie's  record,  it  will  be  seen  from  the  tran- 
script was  very  good.  Mona's  began  in  1905,  under  yet  more  favor- 
able conditions,  in  Longford  Castle  herd,  a  few  miles  northwest  of 
Salisbury,  and  near  to  a  small  river.  Mona's  milk  yields  are  set 
out  in  detail  in  the  transcript  of  the  W  Group.  In  the  same  herd 
there  are  many  Red  Polled,  representing  all  that  are  now  known 
of  an  old-time  good  High  Suffolk  family,  V17.  Their  many  records 
demonstrate  the  great  progress  attendant  on  careful  breeding,  with 
the  equally  desirable  care  in  the  matter  of  feeding.  A  few  miles 
further  up  the  river  the  Heytesbury  herd,  as  the  transcript  of  milk 
records  evidence,  also  well  demonstrates  the  outcome  of  a  Western 
land  environment. 

An  equally  well  known  excellent  result  followed  the  transference 
of  13767  Linda  3d — P4  from  Whitlingham  to  Acton  Reynold  some 
seven  miles  north  of  Shrewsbury,  and  of  16483  Desiree  of  Johns- 
town— P4  from  southern  Ireland  to  the  same  herd.  And  just  as 
marked  is  the  effect  of  the  South  Coast  lands  environment  demon- 
strated by  the  Cheriton  herd  milk  records. 

"A  TYPE  OF  FARMER'S  COW." 

The  question  of  feeding  the  Red  Polled  cow,  so  as  to  give  its  due 
place  to  the  milk-yielding  inheritance,  demands  a  few  words.  A 
good  many  years  ago,  Red  Polled  taken  to  Cheshire  and  to  York- 
shire East  Riding,  did  not  give  satisfaction.  Enquiry  brought  out 
the  fact  that  they  had  been  so  fed  as  to  develop  the  beef -making 
inheritance,  the  owners  not  knowing,  what  more  than  one  East  Anglian 
herd  owner  had  proved,  that  two  Shorthorn  cows  in  their  Norfolk 
and  Suffolk  climature — to  use  Wm.  Marshall's  quaint  term — required 
as  much  food  as  did  three  Red  Polled.  This  assertion  is  corrobor- 
ated by  a  communication  addressed  to  the  "Li  'e  Stock  Journal"  in 
the  autumn  of  1915  by  the  owner  of  some  Mayo  farm  land,  who 
signed  himself  "B."  In  it  he  said: — 

.  "In  my  own  scheme  a  native  cow,  but  a  particularly  good  one, 
was  put  to  a  pure  Red  Poll.  The  calf  came  a  heifer,  and  I  made  this 
the  foundation  for  further  improvement  by  the  Shorthorn  generation 
after  generation.  The  result  is  a  plump  type  of  Shorthorn,  but  enor- 
mously more  productive  in  proportion  to  cost,  stronger  in  constitu- 
tion, easier  to  feed,  easier  to  sell,  earlier  to  mature,  quite  as  high  in 
quantity  of  milk,  and  much  higher  in  butter.  The  yearling  bulls  are 
sold  at  nearly  twice  the  price  of  my  neighbors/  which  have  cost 
more  to  raise  them,  and  I  can  sell  them  all  without  leaving  home. 
The  chief  representative  of  this  family  is  now  in  the  Dairy  Herd 
Book  (Polly  2d,  No.  2365).  A  red  cow  well  horned,  near  the  ground, 
always  fat,  a  fine  milker,  and  25  per  cent  above  the  requirement  in 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  55 

butter.  No  cow  can  get  into  the  Herd  Book  on  less  than  600  gallons, 
but  mine  is  far  above  tha,t,  and  she  did  her  tests  for  the  season 
mainly  on  pasture  of  which  the  annual  valuation  is  under  3s.  7d.  an 
acre.  To  produce  my  blend  and  raise  a  foundation  fit  to  carry  a 
Shorthorn  development  in  a  region  like  this  I  had  calculated  on  the 
history  of  the  Red  Poll,  an  animal  finely  specialized  for  dual  pur- 
poses, generally  milking  1,000  gallons  and  feeding  up  to  a  ton  weight. 
.  .  •  .  Side  by  side  with  Polly  2d  I  have  raised  also  another  family, 
from  native  stock  and  pure  Shorthorn  sires  alone;  good  cows,  often 
making  high  prices,  but  their  economic  inferiority  makes  a  lesson 
for  a  nation,  though  the  Department  sticks  to  the  formula,  plus  the 
farther  inferiority  of  the  Aberdeen-Angus.  This  family  is  repre- 
sented in  the  Dairy  Herd  Book  by  Betty  (No.  2364)  and  her  daughter 
(No.  740).  A  great  cow  Betty,  about  equal  to  Polly  in  productive 
values,  but  at  a  cost  more  than  25  per  cent  higher.  She  can  milk 
over  half  a.  hundred  weight  in  the  day  on  the  three-and-seven-penny 
pasture;  but  she  appears  to  forget  that  any  further  calf  is  expected 
of  her,  unless  hand-fed  at  a  rate  'whicji  makes  her  so  much  less 
profitable  than  Polly." 

This  bit  of  evidence  as  to  the  two  varieties  of  dual-purpose  cow 
being  altogether  an  independent  testimony,  and  from  the  practical 
money  point  of  view,  needs  must  be  accepted.  The  "Encyclopedia 
of  Agriculture"  (Edinburgh,  1909)  may  also  be  quoted  as  a  sum- 
mary of  comparative  results  at  Tring  Park: — 

Lord  Rothschild  has  at  Tring  Park  three  herds:  Shorthorned, 
Jersey,  and  Red  Polled  respectively,  descended  from  cows  chosen 
for  their  proved  milk  inheritance.  The  returns  published  each  year 
are  thus  of  the  highest  value  for  comparative  purposes.  Here  are 
a  few  of  the  averages  of  milk  yields  of  cows  which  were  in  the  herd 
the  whole  year: — 

1888-9  (372)  days):  21  Shorthorn,  7896.95  lb.;  37  Jersey,  6480.08 
lb.;  36  Red  Polled,  7033.45  lb. 

1889-90  (365  days):  34  Shorthorn,  6,785  lb.;  39  Jersey,  6,136  lb.; 
34  Red  Polled,  6,520  lb. 

1900-01:  36  Shorthorn,  6559.2  lb.;  31  Jersey,  6,335.12  ib.;  43 
Red  Polled,  6,895.75  lb. 

1905-6:  57  Shorthorn,  6,706.05  lb.;  21  Jersey,  6,919.61  lb.;  30 
Red  Polled,  6,743.81  lb. 

1906-7:  46  Shorthorn,  6,787.5  lb.;  18  Jersey,  7,455.80  lb.;  40  Red 
Polled,  6,571.5  lb. 

1907-8:  54  Shorthorn,  6,658  lb.;  9  Jersey,  5,944  lb.;  40  Red  Polled, 
6,174.45  lb. 

The  Shorthorns  in  the  herd  in  1906-7  included  one  11,641  lb., 
four  from  10,000  to  11,000  lb.,  three  from  9,000  to  10,000  lb.,  seven 
from  8,000  to  9,000  lb.,  six  from  7,000  to  8,000  lb.,  four  from  6,000 
to  7,000  lb.,  nine  from  5,000  to  6,000  lb.,  ten  under  5,000  lb.  And  in 
1907-8,  one  12,370  lb.,  one  11,656  lb.,  one  10,047  lb.,  six  from  9,000 
to  10,000  lb.,  seven  from  8,000  to  9,000  lb.,  eight  from  7,000  to  8,000 
lb.,  nine  from  5,000  to  6,000  lb.,  fifteen  under  5,000  lb.  In  1906-7 
the  individual  returns  of  the  Red  Polled  were: — 12,005  lb.,  9,381 
lb.,  8,000  to  9,000  lb.,  four;  7,000  to  8,000  lb.,  eight;  6,000  to  7,000 
lb.,  fourteen;  5,000  to  6,000  lb.,  five;  under  5,000  lb.,  seven.  In 
1907-8  13,577  lb.,  9,803  lb.,  8,000  to  9,000  lb.,  four;  7,000  to  8,000 
lb.,  nine;  6,000  to  7,000  lb.,  seven;  5,000  to  6,000  lb.,  three;  under 
5,000  lb.,  thirteen. 


56  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

It  would  be  of  value,  as  well  as  of  interest,  to  know  how  far 
the  improvement  in  milk  and  butter  fat  records  in  the  United  States 
has  resulted  from  the  adoption  of  the  Hezelmund  plan  of  milking, 
systematized  at  the  Ladelund  Dairy  School,  Denmark,  and  promul- 
gated in  America  by  the  University  of  Wisconsin  Agricultural  Ex- 
periment Station,  Bulletin  No.  96,  "Investigations  of  Method  of 
Milking."  In  Bulletin  No.  107,  dated  December,  1903,  there  was 
given  full  details  of  official  tests  of  two  Red  Polled  cows,  and  of 
the  grade  Red  Polled  "Lady,"  5-yr.-old,  with  her  photo  process  por- 
trait. Her  sires  for  two  generations  were  Red  Polled  bulls  from 
Mr.  J.  W.  Martin's  herd.  Principal  W.  L.  Carlyle's  report  on  "Lady," 
printed  in  the  "Chicago  Breeders'  Gazette,"  showed:  Milk  10016.4 
lb.,  fat  409.05  lb.,  in  eight  months.  She  was  tested  from  January 
9th  to  15th,  1904,  under  the  supervision  of  an  expert  from  the  Illi- 
nois Experiment  Station.  A  note  in  Bulletin  No.  107  gave  the  re- 
sults: Milk  406.1  lb.,  fat  17.566  lb.,  average  per  cent  4.23.  The  cow  had 
calved,  down  December  27th,  1903.  The  food  consumed  by  Lady 
during  the  Illinois  expert's  test  was:  Silage  210  lb.,  sugar  beet 
575  lb.,  hay  456  lb.,  -corn  meal  21  lb.,  oil  meal  31  lb.,  gluten  meal 
11  lb.,  bran  42  lb.,  ground  oats  21  lb.;  market  cost  for  the  week, 
$1.93.  In  one  year  she  gave:  Milk  12,585  lb.,  butter  fat  471.40  lb., 
equal  to  549.57  lb.  of  butter.  Her  products  were  at  market  value 
worth  $120.27;  cost  of  food,  $43.96;  profit,  $76.31.  The  paragraph 
thus  sent  forth  by  the  chief  of  the  Wisconsin  Experiment  Station 
had  as  its  heading:  "A  Type  of  Farmer's  Cow.  In  November,  1902, 
a  communication  from  the  Station  to  Mr.  Martin,  who  had  been  one 
of  the  two  Wisconsin  men  that  had  presented  the  cow  for  full  know- 
ledge of  the  type,  contained  this  paragraph:  "You  will  be  very  .glad 
to  know  that  the  Red  Polled  cow  Lady  has  just  finished  a  week's 
record,  in  which  she  has  given  us  17  lb.  of  butter.  She  has  given 
as  high  as  60  Ibs.  of  milk  in  a  single  day.  Wish  that  I  might  have 
a  pure  bred  or  two  like  her." 

Lady's  record  continued  from  the  year  1901-2  to  the  year  1905-6. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  record  she  had  been  in  milk  '81  days.  Her 
live  weight  was  1,158  lb.  The  several  years'  record  was:  Milk 
9534.4  lb.,  fat  4.03,  per  cent  384.27,  net  profit  51.04  dol.;  11025.1 
lb.,  fat  449.36  lb.  (324),  profit  62.36  dol.;  11632.6  lb.,  fat  492.97  lb. 
(322),  profit  77.68  dol.;  10516.0  lb.,  fat  415.79  lb.  (321),  profit  58.30 
dol.;  11287.5  lb.,  fat  449.73  (315),  profit  69.81  dol.  Total  value  of 
five  years'  products  576.22  dol.,  cost  of  feed  257.03  dol.,  net  profit 
319.19  dol. 


A  Farmer's  Cow  class  was  provided  at  the  Chicago  Interna- 
tional Show,  December,  1902.  In  the  "Breeders'  Gazette"  of  Feb- 
ruary llth,  1902,  Mr.  McLain  Smith  remarked  on  the  non-issue  of 
the  official  report.  The  matter  had,  in  fact,  been  well-nigh  forgotten, 
though  the  contest  was  one  of  the  richest  in  the  show  in  money 
prizes.  A  representative  of  the  "Breeders'  Gazette"  thereupon,  after 
search,  found  in  the  general  manager's  office  the  papers  containing 
the  markings  of  the  judges,  which  were  in  some  way,  misplaced. 
These  showed  that  there  were  five  competitors,  of  which  four  were 
Red  Polls.  Each  of  the  cows  had  been  tested  three  times  during 
the  year.  13154  Beatrice — A3  (5-yr.-old),  which  won  first  place, 
had  milked  330  days:  butter  fat  (estimate)  337.8  lb.,  35  points.  Her 
calf,  hand-fed,  weighed  710  lb.  at  ten  months  old,  and,  judged  by 
form  and  handling,  was  credited  with  40  per  cent,  while  the  cow  got 
19  points,  so 'that  the  total  score  was  94  points.  13518  Waxy — All 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  57 

(6-yr.-old),  placed  third,  totalled  91  points,  the  cow  24  points;  milked 
270  days,  fat  287.6  lb.,  31  points,  the  calf  36  points.  12715  Nellie's 
Lady — V13  (5-yr.-old),  placed  fourth,  scored  23  points,  milked  280 
days,  fat  276  lb.,  30  points;  the  calf  36  points;  total  score  89  points. 
9701  Princess  2d — HI,  placed  fifth,  also  scored  23  points,  milked 
360  days,  fat  307.8  lb.,  35  points;  her  calf  30  points;  total  score, 
88  points.  , 

Second  place  went  to  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College  for  Col- 
lege Moore,  a  Shorthorn.  She  had  milked  333  days,  butter  fat  esti- 
mate 315.1  lb.,  35  points.  Her  calf,  10  months,  19  days  old,  weighed 
670  lb.,  and  was  credited  with  32  points,  this  last  being  adjudged 
on  its  worth  as  a  beef  animal.  This,  the  only  Shorthorn  exhibit, 
was  awarded  a  total  of  92  points,  the  cow  winning  25  points,  as  com- 
pared with  24  points  by  Waxy,  23  by  those  which  were  placed 
fourth  and  fifth,  and  19  by  the  first  prize  winner,  whose  calf  was  8 
points  ahead  of  the  Shorthorn's  at  the  same  age.  The  Shorthorn 
calf,  when  355  days  old,  had  increased  its  weight  to  730  lb.  But  one 
of  the  Red  Polled  calves,  which  had  been  hand-fed,  and  was  380 
days  old  when  competing,  had  weighed  860  lb.  The  judges  were 
Professor  W.  L.  Carlyle,  of  the  Wisconsin  Experimental  Station,  and 
Professor  G.  E.  Day,  of  Ontario  Agricultural  College. 

A  goodly  sum  was  announced  as  subscribed  for  a  similar  open 
Farmers'  Cow  class  at  the  Chicago  International  Exposition  in  1903. 
There  were,  however,  only  two  competitors.  Mr.  J.  W.  Martin's  Red 
Polled  8487  Duchess  of  Wisconsin  5th — U5  was  awarded  first  prize. 
Tested  at  the  Wisconsin  Experimental  Station,  she  was  credited  with 
9,940.1  lb.  milk  in  10  m.,  20d.,  440  lb.  of  butter  fat,  average  4.43  per 
cent.  Her  yield  for  365  days  was  11,015  lb.  milk,  487.97  lb.  fat. 
The  official  report  not  being  published,  and  Mr.  J.  McLain  Smith, 
the  exhibitor  of  the  other  Red  Polled  cow,  which  was  awarded  sec- 
ond prize,  having  died,  further  statistics  are  not  available.  The 
noteworthy  fact  arising  out  of  Chicago  business  men's  endeavors 
to  establish  a  Farmers'  Cow  competition  was  that  it  had  failed 
through  the  refusal  of  breeders  other  than  those  of  the  Red  Polled 
to  meet  any  competitors,  and  to  be  content  with  the  boast  that  the 
Shorthorn  was  par  excellence  the  dual  purpose  breed. 

As  evidence  of  the  cross  Red  Poled  sire  Shorthorn  dam,  Dr.  J. 
R.  Shingerland,  of  Union  Village,  Ohio,  reported  a  year's  feeding 
results  (1895-6),  18  two-yr.-old  steers,  average  790  lb.,  gained  702 
lb.  on  the  average.  They  had  no  hay,  as  the  season  was  one  of 
•drought,  but  corn  (maize)  fodder  after  the  corn  was  husked,  and 
each  steer  50  bushels  of  corn.  35  Shorthorn  steers  "of  the  very  best," 
average  weight  940  lb.,  gained  600  lb.  as  the  average,  fed  on  "rea- 
sonably good  pasture,"  corn  fodder  and  hay,  with  85  bushels  of  corn 
for  each  steer.  All  sold  on  the  same  day  to  the  same  person  at  4 
cents  per  pound. 

THE  BUTTER  INHERITANCE 

Quotations  have  already  been  given  as  to  the  butter  production 
of  the  Suffolk  Polled  in  the  olden  time.  Arthur  Young,  in  1786,  re- 
ported that  "the  butter  and  cheese  only  of  a  farm  of  90  pounds  a 
year  let  nearly  'at  its  value,  sold  for  140  pounds."  ...  "A  farm 
of  185  pounds  a  year:  121  firkins  of  butter,  and  65  weys  of  cheese, 
these  at  33s.,  the  price  sold  at  306  pounds,  8  s."  "Another  instance, 
in  which  20  cows  made  80  firkins  of  butter,  besides  cheese;  and  an- 
other, in  which  the  cows  made  4  firkins  of  butter  each,  but  no  cheese." 
"Mr.  Chevallier's  cows  have  paid  more  than  once  above  8  pounds 


58  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 


other  application  of  this  wet  soil,  which  though  good,  is  not  rich 
enough  to  fatten  bullocks  in  a  high  stile,  would  be  so  advantageous 
as  the  dairy."  We  have  it  also  on  record  that  the  Mrs.  Chevallier 
who  entertained  Arthur  Young  at  Aspall  Hall,  put  the  Suffolk 
Polled's  milk  to  the  test,  and  at  the  same  time  that  of  the  Bakewell 
Longhorns,  which  were  then  growing  into  favor,  and  were  deemed 
good  milkers.  She  found  that  three  quarts  of  milk  from  the  Suf- 
folk cow  gave  two  and  a  third  ounce  of  cream  more  than  that  from 
the  Longhorned  after  standing  36  hours,  and  churned  one-fourth 
more  butter.  An  equal  quantity  of  hot  water  being  then  added  to 
the  milk,  after  12  hours  the  milk  from  the  horned  cow  gave  four 
ounces  more  cream  than  that  from  the  polled. 

There  are  no  continuous  records  of  the  percentage  of  butter 
fat  in  the  present  day  Red  Polled  herds  in  High  Suffolk,  by  which 
there  might  be  a  comparison  with  the  facts  and  figures  reported 
by  Arthur  Young.  But  Mr.  J.  B.  Chevallier  has  had  tests  made  by 
Mr.  F.  J.  Lloyd,  analytical  chemist  of  the  British  Dairy  Farmers' 
Association,  and  by  the  Eastern  Counties  Dairy  Institute,  of  the 
cows  then  in  his  herd,  and  there  is  now  in  the  county  an  East 
Anglian  Milk  Record  Society,  which  is  going  to  do  its  part  towards 
reporting  results  of  the  business.  The  Red  Poll  Society  has  also 
moved  in  the  right  direction.  From  tests  thus  made  are  the  follow- 
ing transcripts: — 

Whitlingham  had  one  official  test  in  1888  made  by  Mr.  F.  J. 
Lloyd,  to  form  part  of  the  story  of  the  Association's  visit  in  the 
autumn  of  1887.  The  test  was  an  analysis  of  three  milk  yields:  (a) 
On  May  31st,  when  the  cows  had  been  first  turned  out  on  a  new 
growth  of  grass  and  clover  on  the  Sewage  farm,  (b)  On  June  20th, 
when  drought  had  greatly  reduced  the  supply  of  feed,  (c)  On  July 
19th,  after  rain  had  fallen,  and  the  grass  had  made  fair  growth,  (a) 
2176  Coronet— Tl  (2d  c.  April  2d),  week's  milk,  280  Ibs.;  fat,  a.  m. 
6:10,  p.  m.  4.80;  total  solids,  a.  m.  15.08,  p.  m.  14.08.  (b)  Week's  milk, 
273  lb.;  fat,  a.  m.  3.73,  p.  m.  3.93;  total  solids,  a.  m.  13.02,  p.  m. 
13.14.  (c)  Week's  milk,  246%  lb.;  fat,  a.  m.  3.27,  p.  m.  4.02;  total 
solids,  a.  m.  12.43,  p.  m.  13.16.  2753  Di— S3  (4V2  yr.,'c.  March  15th), 
Week's  milk,  258%  lb.;  fat  a.  m.  5.86,  p.  m.  5.83;  total  solids;  a.  m. 
15.30,  p.  m.  15.01  (b)  Week's  milk,  237^4  lb.;  fat,  a.  m.  2.90,  p.  m. 
3.68;  total  solids,  a.  m.  12.14,  p.  m.  13.08.  (c)  Week's  milk,  190V2  lb.; 
fat,  a.  m.  4.55,  p.  m.  5.08;  total  solids,  a.  m.  14.00,  p.  m.  14.06.  1536 
Silent  Beauty— O9  (6V2  yr.,  c.  January  12th).  Week's  milk,  201^4 
lb.;  fat,  a.  m.  5.40,  p.  m.  5.87;  total  solids,  a.  m.  14.50  p.  m.  14.94. 
(b)  Week's  milk,  179 V2  Ibs.;  fat  a.  m.  3.67,  p.  m.  4.55;  total  solids, 
a.  m.  12.82,  p.  m.  13.63.  (c)  Week's  milk,  154y2  lb.;  fat  a.  m.  3.82, 
p.  m.  4.59;  total  solids,  a.  m.  12.80,  p.  m.  13.48.  On  April  20th,  1889, 
samples  taken  \vhen  cows  on  grass  feed,  sent  to  Mr.  Francis  Sutton, 
public  analyst  for  Norfolk:  1513  Fillpail— Rll  (9  yr.,  7th  c.  March 
llth),  milk  57^4  lb.;  fat,  p.  m.  2.50,  a.  m.  3.85;  non-fatty  solids,  p. 
m.  9.46,  a.  m.  9.30.  2875  Heedless— O2  (4V2  yr.,  3d  c.  March  27th), 
milk  48%  lb.;  fat,  p.  m.  3.47,  a.  m.  4.20;  non-fatty  solids,  p.  m.  9.41 
a.  m.  9.10.  2457  Poppy— 1  Norf.  (9  yr.,  8th  c.  April  llth),  milk 
46^  lb.;  fat  p.  m.  3.67,  a.  m.  4.45;  non-fatty  solids,  p.  m.  9.04,  a.  m. 
9.22.  The  Babcock  tests,  taken  in  1892,  1894,  and  1895,  mentioned  in 
milk  records  of  Whitlingham,  when  cows  were  on  grass  feed  only. 

When  the  Babcock  tester  was  available  Mr.  R.  Harvey  Mason 
began  its  regular  use  in  the  Necton  Herd.  In  1892-3  he  added  to 
his  published  list  the  highest  percentage  of  butter  fat.  From  April 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  59 

1st,  1893,  he  recorded  the  average  percentage  of  each  of  the  cows. 
The  percentage  of  butter  fat  has  been  given  with  the  transcripts  of 
milk  records  in  previous  pages.  A  few  more  recent  totals  are  ap- 
pended: 9562  Mempris— N4,  291.10  lb.,  238.97;  10207  Effigy— N4, 
346.28  lb.;  17918  Berry— N4,  534.1  lb.,  587.8,  590.52;  19220  Gemma 
N4,  34437  lb.,  389.7,  365.385;  19753  Edna— N4,  27871  lb.,  271.31; 
20729  Gipsy— N4,  327.253,  271.321;  21162  Evangeline— N4,  300.3; 
20316  Duchess  of  Necton— N6,  212.28  lb.,  280.44,  301.13;  21145  Dor- 
mouse—N6,  305.84  lb.;  22093  Donna— N6,  270.11  lb.,  225.68. 

6835  Twin  Rosebud — P3,  309.50  lb.,  315.83;  18309  Sporle  Eu- 
genie—PS, 345.34  lb.,  271,  399.32,  366.63,  272.74,  232.73',  236.36; 
18594  Emerald— P3,  319.55  lb.,  253.31,  364.43;  20722  Eve— P3,  315.51 
lb.,  288.79,  277.23,  335.03;  19290  Lark— L9,  335  lb.,  379.4,  392.6;  18754 
Moth— L9,  282.19,  246.8,  253,  270.6. 

12619  Meadow  Blush  2d— Al  (13V2  yrs.,  on  September  21st, 
1910),  milk,  22  lb.;  fat,  p.  m.  3.8  a.  m.  3.8;  weight,  .89  lb.  17126 
Meadow  Blush  3d— Al,  in  1903,  fat  4.4;  1904,  fat  5.1;  September 
21st,  1910  (c.  18th  January),  milk,  23  V2  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  5.1,  a.  m.  4.9; 
weight,  1.10  lb.;  February  22d,  1911  (c.  6th  February),  milk,  41  lb.; 
fat,  p.  m.  3.9,  a.  m.  3.8;  weight,  1.58  lb.  21729  Meadow  Blush  5th— 
Al  (1st  c.  November  20th,  1910).  February  22d,  1911,  milk,  32% 
lb.;  fat,  p.  m.  4.1,  a.  m.  3.2  weight,  1.17  lb.  In  1898  Mr.  Newton  re- 
ported in  the  Herd  Book  that  the  butter  yield  per  1;000  lb.  milk  was 
over  43  lb.  in  summer,  over  44  lb.  in  winter. 

Mr.  Chevallier  had  a  full  analysis  of  the  milk  of  cows  in  the 
Aspall  Herd,  made  on  February  20th,  1907,  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Lloyd,  in 
November,  1910;  and  three  tests  in  1911  by  the  Eastern  Counties 
Dairy  Institute.  12952  Sapphire — U3,  fat  4.03  per  cent,  other  solids 
9.55;  on  November  23-24,  1910,  milk,  21  lb.;  fat,  p.  m.  4.3,  a.  m.  4.25. 
Calved  down  March  12th,  1911;  May  ll-12th,  milk  40  lb.,  fat  p.  m, 
4.2,  a.  m.  3.4.  Her  21535  Aspall  Pomona-lst  c.  September  2d;  No- 
vember 23-24;  milk  28  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  3.8,  a.  m.  3.8;  February  20-21, 
2d  c.;  August  4th,  milk  23 V2  lb.,  fat  p.  m.  4.5,  a.  m.  3.5;  May  11-12, 
milk  23  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  4.6,  a.  m.  3.5;  September  3-4,  milk  32  lb.,  fat, 
p.  m.  3.7,  a.  m.  3.5;  5th  c.  October  20th,  1914,  fat,  p.  m.  4.9,  a.  m. 
4.0.  12986  Snowball— A3,  fat  3.30,  other  solids  9.74.  9127  Beehive — 
2  Suff.,  fat  3.68,  other  solids  9.18.  17291  Noisette  2d,  fat  3.30,  other 
solids  9.29;  in  1910-11,  milk  39V2  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  4.0,  a.  m.  3.0.  18522 
Cineraria,  fat  5.38,  other  solids  9.94.  19650  Cineraria  3d,  fat  4.00, 
other  solids  9.44.  19072  Cassia  2d,  fat  5.18,  other  solids  10.90;  May, 
1911  (in  milk  25  days),  milk  56  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  4.1,  a.  m.  3.2;  Septem- 
ber, milk  37  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  4.5,  a.  m.  3.5.  21533  Aspall  Pearmain  1st 
(September,  1911,  45  days  in  milk),  milk  39  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  3.5,  a.  m. 
3.2.  21538  Aspall  Prunella  (in  milk  40  days),  milk  25 V2  lb.,  fat, 
p.  m.  4.5,  a.  m.  3.0.  31071  Brookshill  Bud  2d— Al  (in  milk  88  days), 
milk  26  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  4.2,  a.  m.  3.8;  February,  1912  (in  milk  38  days), 
milk  42%  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  4.0,  a.  m.  3.6.  21589  Brookshill  Bud  3d 
(in  milk  15  days),  milk  29V2  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  4.9,  a.  m.  4.3.  21589 
Brookshill  Violet  (in  milk  143  days),  milk  35%  lb.,  fat,  p.  m.  4.6, 
a.  m.  4.5. 

The  butter  fat  proportion  of  the  milk  yields  in  the  several  Amer- 
ican tested  Red  Polled  cows  since  January,  1908,  has  been  set  out 
in  previous  pages  as  part  of  milk  record  transcript.  A  few  other 
facts  and  details  may  find  place  in  this  section  of  the  essay. 

Mr.  P.  G.  Henderson,  of  Central  City,  Iowa,  as  proprietor  of  the 
Valley  Farm  Creameries,  kindly  furnished  me  with  his  milk  deliv- 


60  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

eries  from  his  Red  Polled  herd  in  the  years  1899  and  1900.  These, 
with  his  remarks,  were  given  by  me  in  the  Live  Stock  Journal,  and 
are  now  quoted: — 

Milk    Delivered    at  Creamery  Milk    Delivered    at    Creamery 

in   1899  in    1900 

Lb.     Per    Cent    Amt.  Lb.     Per    Cent    Amt. 

of  Butter  Butter                                                        of       Butter     Butter 

Milk  Fat  Fat 

January      7,489  4.2  314.5 

February      8,650  4.1  354.6 

March       8,711  4.0  348.4 

April       9,758  4.0  390.3 

May       , 11,063  38  420.4 

June     12,000  4.0  480.0 

July       12,317  3.8  468.0 

August     10,390  4.0  415.6 

September     8,700  4.1  356.7 

October      6,741  4.0  269.6 

November      6,049  4.2  254.0 

December     6,760  4.0  270.0 


108,628  4,342.3 

Add  868.5 


Total    Ibs   of   Butter 5,211  Total    Ibs.    of   butter.  .5,989.5 

Average    of    milk 4,937.63    Ib.  Average     of    milk 5,647,86    Ib. 

Average    of    butter 236.86     Ib.  Average    of    butter 271.89     Ib. 

Mr.  Henderson  sends  me  the  following  memoranda: — "The  av- 
erage of  cows  in  each  of  these  years  supplying  milk  to  the  creamery 
was  twenty-two.  Calves  are  hand  raised,  and  are  fed  on  new  fresh- 
drawn  milk  until  six  weeks  to  two  months  old,  then  they  are  turned 
on  to  skim  milk.  The  calves  are  liberally  fed.  New  whole  milk 
was  in  1899  the  most  economical  feed  they  could  have  to  push  them 
along  during  the  first  weeks  of  their  lives,  for  milk  during  the  year 
was  low  in  price  at  the  creameries,  averaging  not  more  than  %  per 
cent,  per  Ib.  The  milk  sent  to  the  creamery  from  my  herd  is  the 
surplus  after  calf  feeding  after  each  month  of  the  year,  regardless 
of  how  many  calves  were  dry  at  the  time.  The  cows,  however,  drop 
their  calves  through  the  whole  year,  the  practice  having  been  for 
years  to  breed  the  cows  at  first  heat,  so  there  is  considerable  uni- 
formity in  number  in  milk  each  month."  .  .  .  "The  year  1900 
was  an  excellent  season;  the  year  previous  was  rather  droughty. 
The  grass  in  1900  was  excellent  up  to  November.  As  a  few  of  the 
cows  lost  calves  prematurely,  we  fed  less  new  milk;  we  raised  seven- 
teen during  the  year.  About  the  same  number  in  milk  as  in  1899. 
The  months  of  May  to  end  of  October  were  the  months  when  the 
cows  run  on  blue  grass  pasture." 

Subsequent  to  the  report  in  the  "Live  Stock  Journal"  of  the 
wonderful  year's  record,  which  ended  on  January  llth,  1916,  of 
[31725]  Jean  Du  Luth  Beauty — W2,  at  the  Jean  Du  Luth  Farm, 
Duluth,  Minnesota,  I  was  furnished  with  various  details  by  Mr.  G. 
P.  Grout,  the  managing  owner,  and  Mr.  Harley  A.  Martin,  of  Gotham, 
Wisconsin,  who  as  secretary  of  the  Red  Polled  Cattle  Club  of  Amer- 
ica, received  from  the  farm  the  returns  month  by  month.  The  tran- 
script of  milk  records  shows  in  a  previous  page  in  the  W  Group 
that  [17976]  Bessie — W2,  as  tested  in  the  year  1909-10,  milked  303 
days.  She  then  had  live  weight  1,500  Ib.  Her  [31725]  Jean  Du 
Luth  Beauty  was  born  on  July  15th,  1909,  when  that  test  began,  and 
was  put  to  the  club  test  on  giving  birth  to  her  2d  calf  in  1912.  Her 
milk  yield  during  the  year  was  10019.8  Ib.,  butter  fat  442.95  Ib.,  and 
her  live  weight  1,195  Ib.  After  giving  birth  to  3d  calf  she  got  a 
restful  time,  and  increased  her  live  weight  to  1,500  Ib.  On  the  birth 
of  4th  calf,  January  llth,  1915,  the  new  test  began.  The  club  reg- 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  61 

ulation  provides  that  there  be  two  milkings  in  the  24  hours,  and 
that  there  be  tests  from  time  to  time  by  duly  appointed  persons. 
In  the  case  of  J.  D.  L.  Beauty,  as  a  guard  against  unfair  sugges- 
tions, it  was  provided  that  the  test  should  be  made  by  experts  from 
the  Minnesota  Experimental  Station,  with  re-tests  by  experts  from 
the  Wisconsin  Station.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  there .  were  no  fewer 
than  fourteen  of  these  experts  who  took  part  in  the  duty,  with  a 
fifteenth  early  in  January,  1916,  from  the  North  Dakota  Experimen- 
tal Station,  and  Mr.  Harley  Martin  went  on  duty  to  the  farm  in 
October.  After  the  test  had  ended  the  following  statements  were 
made  officially  respecting  the  year's  proceedings: — 

Unlike  most  high  record  cows  that  have  one  constant  attendant 
throughout  their  entire  test  period,  Beauty,  unfortunately,  was  milked 
by  at  least  eight  different  men  during  the  year,  and  she  was  changed 
from  one  milker  to  another  no  less  than  fifteen  times.  Four  men 
had  her  feeding  in  charge  at  different  times  during  her  year's  work, 
and  one  of  the  men  who  milked  and  fed  her  for  four  months  had  had 
absolutely  no  experience  before  with  test  or  record  cows.  The  lux- 
uries of  life  that  most  World's  Record  Cows  enjoy,  such  as  electric 
fans,  etc.,  Beauty  knew  nothing  about.  She  was  handled  during  her 
year's  work  in  no  extraordinary  way  except  that  a  little  more  care 
was  taken  in  her  feeding  than  the  other  cows  in  the  herd  received. 
She  was  let  out  to  water  with  the  rest  of  the  herd,  and  drank  out 
of  the  river  Lester  until  the  cold  weather  set  in.  In  the  summer 
time  she  went  to  pasture  and  grazed  on  the  luxuriant  clover  and 
grasses  common  to  northern  Minnesota.  Her  grain  ration  consisted 
of  bran,  oil  meal,  gluten  feed,  corn  meal,  Ajax  Flakes,  ground  oats 
and  Schumacher  Feed.  The  proportion  of  each  grain  in  the  mixture 
was  changed  a  good  many  times  during  the  period  for  variety's  sake. 
About  %  pint  of  molasses  was  mixed  with  each  feed  of  grain. 
Soaked  dried  beet  pulp  was  also  fedl  for  a  considerable  time  during 
her  test.  Roots  were  given  her  also  and  silage  during  the  first 
months  of  her  work.  Clover  hay  and  soiling  crops,  when  the  latter 
were  available,  was  the  bulky  roughage  fed  her. 

The  record  of  the  year's  test  was  20280.6  Ib.  milk,  891.58  Ib. 
butter  fat,  and  live  weight  increased  to  1,750  Ib.  Mr.  Grout,  who 
is  secretary  of  the  Minnesota  Guernsey  Breeders'  Association  says: 
"The  remarkable  part  of  Beauty's  record  lies  in  the  fact  that  Beauty 
is  not  a  dairy  type  cow.  She  certainly  has  dairy  qualities,  but  her 
type  is  that  of  a  beef  animal  with  great  mammary  development. 
In  other  words,  she  has  both  milk  and  beef  form.  Another  fact  that 
should  be  mentioned  in  connection  with  Beauty's  record  is  that  she 
carried  a  calf  during  the  last  four  and  a  half  months  of  her  year." 
He  has  kindly  provided  me  with  Beauty's  ration  for  the  year: 

5  tons  of  gram  at  $29  per  ton $145.00 

3,650  Ibs.  of  hay  at  $8  per  ton 14.00 

3,529  Ibs.  silage  at  $3  per  ton 5.00 

1,166  Ibs.  roots  at  .005  per  Ib 5.50 

546  Ibs.  beet  pulp  at  $20  per  ton 5.47 

91  gal.  molasses  at  .18  per  gal 16.42 


Total  cost  of  food $191.39 

Beauty  produced: — 

1,065   Ibs.   of   butter   at    .40 $426.00 

445  gal.  butter  milk  at  .30 133.00 


Actual  returns  at  the  pail,  without  counting  skim  milk  [which 

may  fairly  set  against  the  grass  feed] $559.00 


62  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

TO  MAKE  THE  MOST  OF  A  COW 

This  was  the  heading  given  ,to  a  contribution  of  mine  which  ap- 
peared in  the  "Live  Stock  Journal,"  when  Wisconsin  Bulletin  No. 
96,  thanks  to  Mr.  J.  W.  Martin,  was  available.  The  British  Dairy 
Farmers'  Association,  when  subsequently  visiting  Denmark,  saw  Dr. 
Hezelmund's  system  being  practiced,  but  there  has  been  no  general 
knowledge  of  it  made  available.  The  owner  of  a  dual-purpose  cow 
may  yet  find  his  advantage  in  a  knowledge  of  the  method  as  set 
forth  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Woll.  As  chemist  at  the  Experimental  Station, 
he  visited  Denmark  in  1901  to  glean  all  that  was  to  be  known,  and 
on  his  return  aided  in  giving  it  a  full  trial.  Here  is  what  he  says 
of  it:— 

THE  METHOD 

The  new  method  of  milking  consists  in  following  up  ordinary 
rapid  and  thorough  milking  by  a  set  of  manipulations  of  the  udder 
which  bring  down  the  last  traces  of  milk  contained  therein.  By  a 
few  manipulations  of  the  udder  this  residual  milk  may  readily  be 
brought  down  in  a  couple  of  minutes'  times,  and  more  milk  will, 
as  a  rule,  be  obtained  in  this  way  than  is  possible  by  the  ordinary 
stripping  method.  Since  the  milk  thus  secured  is  very  rich,  being 
of  the  same  character  and  composition  as  "strippings,"  the  amount 
of  additional  butter  fat  obtained  is  considerably  greater  than  might 
be  supposed  from  the  quantity  of  milk  brought  down.  So  much  for 
the  result.  How  is  it  obtained,  and  what  are  the  "manipulations?'' 

THE    THREE   MANIPULATIONS 

First  Manipulation — The  right  quarters  of  the  udder  are  pressed 
against  each  other  with  the  left  hand  on  the  hind  quarter,  and  the 
right  hand  in  front  on  the  forequarter,  the  thumb?  being  placed  on 
the  outside  of  the  udder,  and  the  four  fingers  in  the  division  between 
the  two  halves  of  the  udder.  The  hands  are  now  pressed  toward 
each  other,  and  at  the  same  time  lifted  toward  the  body  of  the  cow. 
This  pressing  and  lifting  is  repeated  three  times,  the  milk  collected 
in  the  milk  cistern  is  then  milked  out,  and  the  manipulation  repeated 
until  no  more  milk  is  obtained  in  this  way,  when  the  left  quarters 
are  treated  in  the  same  manner.  If  the  udder  is  very  large  only 
one  quarter  at  a  time  is  taken. 

Second  Manipulation — The  glands  are  pressed  together  from  the 
side.  The  forequarters  are  milked  each  by  itself  by  placing  one 
hand,  with  fingers  spread,  on  the  outside  of  the  quarter  and  the 
other  hand  in  the  division  between  the  right  and  left  forequarters. 
The  hands  are  pressed  against  each  other,  and  the  teat  then  milked. 
When  no  more  milk  is  obtained  by  this  one  manipulation,  the  hind- 
quarters are  milked  by  placing  a  hand  on  the  outside  of  each  quarter, 
with  fingers  spread  and  turned  upward,  but  with  the  thumb  just  in 
front  of  the  hindquarters.  The  hands  are  lifted  and  grasp  into  the 
gland  from  behind  and  from  the  side,  after  which  they  are  lowered 
to  draw  the  milk.  The  manipulation  is  repeated  until  no  more  milk 
is  obtained. 

Third  Manipulation — The  fore  teats  are  grasped  with  partly 
closed  hands  and  lifted  with  a  push  towards  the  body  of  the  cow, 
both  at  the  same  time,  by  which  method  the  glands  are  pressed  be- 
tween the  hands  and  the  body.  The  milk  is  drawn  after  each  of  the 
three  pushes.  When  the  fore  teats  are  emptied,  the  hind  teats  are 
milked  in  the  same  manner. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  63 

In  the  University  herd  24  cows  being  tested  the  average  daily 
milk  yield  was  thus  increased  by  4.5  per  cent,  and  the  butter  fat  by 
9.2  per  cent,  the  trial  time  being  five  weeks.  The  average  daily 
gain  in  milk  was  1  lb.,  and  of  butter"  fat  .09  Ib.  per  head.  In  the  12 
Wisconsin  farm  and  dairy  herds  the  daily  average  increase  of  milk 
yield  was  1.08  Ibs.  and  .1  lb.  of  butter  fat. 

BEEF-MAKING  INHERITANCE 

The  development  of  the  beef-making  inheritance  of  Red  Polled 
cattle  since  its  first  demonstration  at  Holkham,  in  1812,  is  made 
plain  by  the  live  weights  of  steers  and  heifers  competing  at  the  an- 
nual November  and  December  competitions;  by  the  percentages  of 
gain  in  live  weight  of  steers  from  the  "under  2-yr.-old"  to  the  "under 
3-yr.-old"  competing  stage;  and  by  the  many  published  statements 
of  carcase  weight  of  animals  when  sold  by  public  auction. 

A  photograph  of  the  -cow  310  Lily — N2,  taken  at  Elmham  in 
1875,  when  she  was  20  years'  old,  was  given  me  by  Mr.  Fulcher  just 
before  she  was  sold  to  Mr.  Lofft  and  taken  to  Troston.  It  is 
now  among  the  Norwich  Public  Library  Photographic  Survey  Rec- 
ords of  Norfolk  and  Norwich.  Her  last  calf  was  born  at  Troston 
in  April,  1876.  She  was  a  daughter  of  342  Minnie — N2,  which  cow 
was  sired  by  Necton  Prize  Bull  120  (winner  at  the  Norwich  R.  A. 
S.  E.  Show).  She  wras  born  in  1854,  and  gave  birth  to  her  last  calf 
in  March,  1873.  The  daughter  Lily  had  through  her  sire  a  mixture 
of  Suffolk  and  the  Reeve  Red  Polled  blood,  but  the  old-time  Necton 
blood  was  so  strong  in  her  that  it  was  "like  mother,  like  daughter," 
and  that  gives  to  this  photograph  a  unique  value.  At  the  opening 
display  of  Local  Record  Photographs,  on  December  1st,  1913,  was 
also  shown  a  photograph,  taken  in  August,  1882,  of  the  third  in 
descent  from  Lily,  1463  Dolly — N2,  born  3d  of  November,  1879,  and 
a  frequent  Royal  and  County  winner  from  1881,  closing  her  honors 
list  by  first  place  in  a  class  of  30  cows  and  the  championship,  every 
one  of  which  was  honored,  at  the  Norwich  R,  A. -S.  E.  in  July,  1886. 
The  portrait  was  reproduced  in  the  "Live  Stock  Journal  Almanac" 
of  1883.  Also  in  the  1883  issue  of  the  Herd  Book,  and  in  1885,  in 
the  "United  States  Consular  Reports  on  Cattle."  The  contrast  In 
form  and  development  of  flesh  as  seen  in  the  two  photographs  is 
very  great,  the  outline  of  Dolly  being  that  of  a  fully  developed  heifer 
of  the  ideal  that  appealed  to  Bakewell,  Charles  Collins,  and  Thomas 
Booth,  which  became  the  fashion,  and  is  yet  stoutly  upheld  by  a 
large  proportion  of  Shorthorn  breeders  and  owners.  In  the  group 
of  Red  Polls  just  mentioned  there  are  yet  two  other  portraits  show- 
ing similar  development — the  bull  Davyson  3d,  48  (of  the  HI  Family 
the  original  photograph,  taken  on  March  19th,  1881,  when  the  bull 
was  7  yr.,  7  m.  old,  was  the  frontispiece  of  the  1883  issue  of  the 
Herd  Book),  and  1855  Silent  Lady — O9,  photographed  when  she  was 
1  yr.,  8  m.  old.  As  further  testimony  of  the  progress  made  in  the 
details  so  precisely  specified  as  the  evidence  of  merit,  we  quote  the 
Official  Reporter  of  the  1886  R.  A.  S.  E.  Show  at  Norwich: — 

The  most  sanguine  of  East  Anglians  could  not  for  a  moment  have  imagined 
that  so  grand  a  collection  of  Red  Polls  could  have  been  possible.  The  improvement 
made  during  the  past  few  years  in  the  style,  substance  and  quality  of  the  animals, 
as  well  as*  the  advance  towards  uniformity  of  type,  is  within  measurable  of  the  mar- 
velous. No  stronger  proof  of  this  can  be  desired  or  given  than  is  to  be  found  in 
the  fact  that  the  Judges  (all  three  of  whom  are  keen  men  of  business  and  thor- 
oughly practical)  commended  in  its  entirety  the  Class  of  Cows  with  its  thirty  en- 
tries. Such  an  event  as  this  is  almost  unknown,  and  but  very  seldom  deserved. 


64  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

The  sire  of  1463  Dolly — N2  (above  named)  was  Rufus  188.  He 
was  also  sire  of  Dolly's  dam,  1084  Polly — N2,  gr.-sire  of  1855  Silent 
Lass — O5,  of  2495  Rosalie — K17,  of  2773  Easton  Rose — P3,  and  of 
2976  Midsummer  Rose — K17,  all  of  which  were  in  the  honors  list 
above  mentioned.  Rufus'  dam,  600  Thursford  Rose — P3,  was  sired 
by  Norfolk  Duke  127.  Through  the  sire,  The  Palmer  138,  which 
was  of  A3  Family  named  in  the  Milk  Records,  Rufus  got  a  dash  of 
Suffolk  blood,  so  that  his  breed  analysis  reads:  N.  512.5,  S.  34.37, 
RP.  453.  In  1883  a  33 V2  months'  steer  of  his  get,  dam  1900— T4, 
weighed  1,625  lb.,  carcase  (fore  and  hindquarters)  1,018  Ib.  1715 
Olivia,  1st  prize  and  reserve  for  the  plate,  age  34  months,  1,664  lb., 
carcase  1,214  lb.  In  1884,  20  months'  steer,  d.  1343  Brown— P2, 
breed  cup  winner,  1,697  lb.  In  1884,  343  Minnie  3d — N2,  age  13 
yr.,  4  m.,  sired  by  the  same  bull  as  The  Palmer  138,  2,103  lb.  She 
had  gained  3  lb.  per  day  after  being  shown  at  Norwich.  In  1885, 
1674  Minnie  6th — N2,  age  7  yr.,  4  m.  (sire  of  the  N2  family),  1st 
in  class,  cup  as  best  Red  Polled,  2,181  lb.  1569  Hetty— PI,  age  7 
yr.,  11  m.,  s.  Rufus,  1,891  lb.  Steers  by  Roundhead  564 — son  of 
Rufus'  Cromwell  647,  whose  dam  1463  Dolly:  (d.  1896  Tipple— T4), 
19%  m.  1,000  lb.,  31  %  m.  1,636  lb.,  gain  636  lb.,  63.33  per  cent; 
34  m.  steer  (d.  118),  1,686  lb..  31  m.  steer  (d.  3469  V9)  1,322  lb. 

Norfolk  Duke  127,  born  June  27th,  1865,  was  one  of  the  Red 
Polled  bought  of  N.  Powell  by  B.  Browrn,  and  sired  a  goodly  number 
of  bull  and  cow  calves  until  he  had  passed  his  15th  year.  The  Jean 
Du  Luth  Farm  catalogue  of  its  Red  Polls,  issued  early  in  August, 
1916,  in  its  form  the  finest  bit  of  work  yet  produced,  with  20  page- 
photo  portraits,  besides  photos  of  the  heads  of  others — in  its  extended 
pedigree  pages  makes  a  note  of  the  number  of  times  the  name  Nor- 
folk Duke  127  occurs  in  a  complete  extended  pedigree.  The  note 
appended  to  that  of  [31725]  Jean  Du  Luth  Beauty— W2,  the  record 
cow  of  the  Red  Polls,  reads. — 

To  the  student  in  breeding  it  is  of  interest  to  know  that  this  cow,  with  her 
wonderful  constitution,  traces  96  times  to  Norfolk  Duke,  32  times  to  Tenant  Farm- 
er, 13  times  to  Red  Jacket,  and  13  times  to  Hero  of  Newcastle,  all  of  which  were 
great  prize  winners  in  England. 

Powell  143,  Royal  Duke  181,  Strawberry  Duke  210,  Young  Duke 
234,  Duke  of  Norfolk  295,  Norfolk  381,  Sir  Thomas  420,  Bergamot 
455,  Favorite  492,  Philip  538,  were  sires  that  carried  on  the  renowned 
bull's  merits  to  another  generation,  while  Tenant  Farmer  213  trans- 
mitted the  combination  of  Powell  and  Pond  blood  in  the  early  days 
of  registration.  Thus  early  was  the  dual  purpose  ideal  maintained, 
and  the  early  steps  taken  in  a  progressive  milk  and  beef  inheritance. 

Davyson  3d  48,  a  bull  of  the  HI  Family,  of  whom  mention  has 
been  made,  inherited  through  its  dam  169  Davy  7th — HI,  by  Young 
Duke  234,  the  blood  of  both  Norfolk  Duke  and  Tenant  Farmer.  As 
Davyson  3d's  sire  was  a  combination  of  HI  and  H2  blood,  its  Breed 
Analysis  reads:  N.  575,  RP.  425.  He  was  bought  at  public  auction 
when  7-yr.-old  for  205  guineas  for  the  founding  of  the  Didlington 
Hall  Herd,  and  two  years  later  his  live  weight  was  returned  to  me 
at  2,093  lb.  A  29  months  steer  of  his  get  weighed  1,676  lb.  Another, 
put  up  to  fatten,  at  18%  m.  weighed  1,388  lb.,  at  28^4  m.  1,750  lb. 

lago  1025,  dam  1855  Silent  Lady— 09,  daughter  of  Rufus,  and 
gr.-son  of  Rufus  through  Othello  713,  whose  dam  was  of  K17  family, 
was  much  used  in  Mr.  Colman's  herd,  and  fully  maintained  the  repu- 
tation of  Rufus.  He  was  the  sire  of  5367  Coronet  2d.  One  of  his 
sons,  out  of  an  E2  cow,  weighed,  at  21%  m.,  990  lb.,  at  33^4  m.  1,471 
lb.,  gain  48.48  per  cent.  Another,  out  of  an  R2  cow,  weighed  1,368 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  65 

Ib.  at  26%  m.  A  40*4  m.  heifer,  out  of  an  E13  cow,  1,288  Ib.  lago's 
Breed  Analysis:  N.  368.75,  S.  117.17,  RP.  514.08. 

Falstaff  303,  dam  891  Fanny  Bradfield — All,  was  a  son  of  Rufus. 
His  influence  was  most  widespread.  A  steer  got  by  him  weighed 
1,952  Ib.  at  41  ^  m.  His  son,  Lancer  689,  dam  a  Pond  cow,  sired  a 
steer  at  34  m.,  weighed  1,842  Ib.,  the  produce  of  a  Davy  cow.  A  7 
yr.,  5  m.  1  Norf  cow  of  his  weighed  1,903  Ib.  One  of  Falstaff' s  sons, 
Laureate  1563,  did  good  service  in  Australia.  Others  01  his  sons 
won  a  good  reputation  both  for  the  milk  and  beef  inheritance  in  Eng- 
land and  in  the  United  States.  Falstaff 's  Breed  Analysis:  N.  731.25, 
S.  42.18,  RP.  226.56. 

A  grandson  of  Falstaff,  through  Bardolph  977,  which  had  O9 
blood  through  his  dam,  was  Starlight  2531.  His  dam,  1355  Buxom 
— K19,  was  got  by  Davyson  3d  48.  Starlight  was  put  to  2213  Gleaner 
— V9,  which,  in  1894,  gave  14,184  Ib.  milk  in  365  days,  giving  birth 
to  her  llth  and  last  calf  on  November  14th,  1893,  so  that  her  total 
yield  after  that  birth  greatly  exceeded  the  record  just  named.  On 
January  3d,  1892,  she  gave  birth  to  twins — a  bull  and  a  heifer — 
Harvester  3131  and  7896  Golden  Grain.  In  November,  1892,  being 
then  2ll/2  m.  old  Harvester  competed  at  the  Norwich  Fat  Cattle 
Show;  his  live  weight  was  1,238  Ib.  In  1894  both  competed.  Har- 
vester then  weighed  1,735  Ib.,  gain  476  Ib.,  being  40.14  per  cent 
for  the  year.  He  won  first  prize  and  the  cup,  and  was  also  first  at 
the  Smithfield  Club  Show.  A  year  later  his  live  weight  was  2,153 
Ib.,  gain  421  Ib.;  2  years'  total  gain  918  Ib.,  74.14  per  cent  on  his 
first  competition.  Golden  Grain  had  also  been  fatted,  and  at  33  Vz 
months  weighed  1,452  Ib.  She  was  first  and  the  reserve  for  the  cup 
both  at  Norwich  and  London.  Gleaner's  sire  was  Lord  George  520, 
a  son  of  Norfolk  Duke  127,  with  E2  blood  through  his  dam  and  her 
dam,  the  get  of  a  bull  which  combined  both  Eaton  and  [Necton] 
Minnie — N2  blood.  Another  heifer  of  Starlight's  get,  6215  Bride 
Elect,  which  combined  Al,  19,  and  W3  blood,  when  34  months  old 
weighed  1,508  Ib. 

The  Milk  Records  of  W14  Family  credited  2037  Bracelet,  with- 
3d  c.-9,283  Ib  (323).  Her  4475  Brace,  by  Falstaff,  gave-lst  c.- 
4,529%  Ib.  (282),  and  2d  c.  4,199  Ib.  for  thfe  latter  half  of  the  year, 
when  she  was  transferred  to  Mr.  Colman's  herd,  where  to  a  gr.-son 
of  lago  she  bred  9169  Buckle.  This  heifer  was  shown  at  Norwich 
when  30  m.,  20  d.  She  won  1st;  at  the  Smithfield  Club  Show  2d  and 
the  reserve  for  the  breed  cup;  her  weight  1,629  Ib.,  and  the  firm 
which  slaughtered  her  reported  as  being  "without  exception  .the  very 
best  heifer  we  have  seen  or  killed."  Two  years  after,  Brace's  10946 
Armlet,  which  was  sired  by  Red  Prince  2902,  when  30  m.  old  won  2d 
honors,  live  weight  1,672  Ib. 

13762  Linda  3d — P4  affords  a  most  complete  illustration  of  the 
dual-purpose  in  Red  Polled  cattle.  Her  milk  record  has  been  set 
out  in  a  previous  page.  Her  dam,  5650  Linda — P4,  was  sired  by 
lago  1025.  She,  like  her  dam,  4187  Lydia — P4,  was  a  steady  milker, 
with  results  ranging  from  4,600  Ib.  to  7,297  Ib.  during  a  long  course 
of  years  at  Whitlingham.  Lydia's  sire  was  Lord  George  520,  son  of 
Norfolk  Duke,  so  there  was  a  good  inheritance  of  the  beef -making 
quality.  Linda  3d's  sire,  Planet  4579,  was  a  son  of  Erebus  841,  which 
was  sired  by  Falstaff  303  out  of  a  choice  L3  cow,  and  did  good  service 
in  the  Necton  herd.  Planet's  dam,  5052  Peach — Pi,  was  sired  by 
Ferdinand,  of  the  P3  line,  at  Marham,  and  her  gr.-sire  was  Norfolk 
Duke.  Both  PI  and  P3  stock  were  so  bred  as  to  win  high  renown 
for  the  Marham  herd  as  the  home  of  grand  dual-purpose  cattle. 


66  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

Linda  3d's  17879  Acton  Dairymaid,  County  and  Royal  prize  winner, 
1st  and  cup  winner  at  Norwich,  Smithfield  and  Ipswich  Fat  Stock 
Shows,  weighed  1,842  lb.,  and  was  sold  for  34  pounds.  A  steer  of 
Linda's,  at  19*4  m.  weighed  1,263  lb.,  at  31  ^  m.  weighed  1,786  lb., 
gain  523  lb.,  41.409  per  cent.  In  carcase  competition  in  1905,  a  18 
m.  steer,  live  wreight  1,009  lb.,  carcase  640  lb.;  a  25  m.,  reserve  hon- 
ors, 1,153  lb.,  carcase  743  lb. 

The  Palmer  138's  Brundish  Prince  462  has  a  record  of  a  steer 
(d.  5296— R9),  at  23  m.  1,320  lb.;  35  m.  1,820  lb.;  gain  500  lb.,  37.38 
per  cent.  Davyson  3d  48's  28  m.  steer  (d,  K19),  1,676  lb.  Through 
King  Charles  329  the  sire  of  2536  Silent  Beauty — 09,  and  himself 
from  K19  dam,  Davyson  3d's  gr.-son,  Don  Carlos  659  (d.  1023  Miss 
Atkins — K17),  was  also  represented  at  Fat  Stock  Shows,  20%  m. 
steer,  1,158  lb.,  32V2  m.  1,648  lb.,  44V2  m.  1,964  lb.,  gain  806  lb., 
69.6  per  cent;  44  m.  steer  (d.  119),  1,944  lb.;  22%  m.  steer  (4764  Annie 
—Ell),  1,203  lb.;  30  m.  heifer  (d.  118),  1,384  lb.;  steer  (d.  4764  Ell) 
22 V2  m.,  1,208  lb.,  34 V2  m.,  1,655  lb.;  gain  447  lb.,  37  per  cent.  (Smith- 
field  Club  Cup  winner). 

Red  Prince  2902 — son  of  Laureate  1563  above  noted,  dam  5077 
Prize — Tl — for  the  most  part  passed  on  his  inheritance  through  sons 
and  gr.-sons  which  were  in  high  repute  as  sires  for  both  milk  and 
beef.  Among  these  were  a  gr.-son,  Ruby  Prince  4131  (d.  6759  O9). 
Sons:  Crown  Prince  4319  (d.  9448  121),  Corporal  4313— exported  to 
America,  as  already  noted — (d.  5367  Coronet  2d),  The  Prince  4587 
(d.  7553  Rll),  Red  Prince  2d  4607  (d.  997  V2),  Redmond  5147  (d. 
8377  Brunhilda — P3,  exported  to  America),  Champion  5370  (full 
brother  of  Corporal  4313),  Crown  Diamond  6104  (another  full  brother 
of  Corporal),  Red  Lord  5820  (d.  6585  P3).  After  Mr.  J.  J.  Colman's 
death  the  Easton  Lodge  Farm  herd  of  Red  Polled  cattle  was  sold 
in  March,  1899.  Nineteen  of  the  twenty-five  animals  bred  there  were 
sired  by  Red  Prince — which  renowned  bull  died  at  Whitlingham  a 
fortnight  before  the  day  of  the  sale.  Their  average  was  close  on 
80  pounds.  6308  Dorena — N2,  which,  with  four  of  her  dsscendants 
realized  at  the  sale  1,285  guineas,  gave  birth  to  a  calf  sired  by  Red 
Prince;  Steered  at  18  m.,  it  weighed  1,398  lb.;  at  the  next  year's 
Smithfield  Club  Show,  when  he  won  the  breed  cup,  his  live  weight 
was  1,880  lb.;  gain  582  lb.,  44.83  per  cent.  At  the  same  time  a  30% 
m.  heifer,  also  from  the  Easton  herd,  and  a  Royal  winner,  weighed 
1,660  lb. 

Breed  Analyses:  Red  Prince,  N.  583.00,  S.  45.69,  RP.  371.28. 
Redmond,  N.  551.65,  S.  68.35,  RP.  379.97.  Brunhilda,  N.  520.31,  S. 
91.01,  RP.  388.67.  Corporal,  N.  530.56,  S.  61.12,  RP.  408.29.  Red 
Lord  5820,  N.  576.26,  S.  46.18,  RP.  383.78.  His  Red  Knight  7583,  N. 
537.12,  S.  102.86,  RP.  359.99:— d.  12638  N4,  N.  497.99,  S.  159.54,  RP. 
34243.  Red  Prince's  Buffalo  Bill  5349,  N.  369.02,  S.  394.72,  RP. 
235.64:— d.  2013  W3,  N.  106.25,  S.  743.75,  RP.  100:  gr.-son,  Red 
Duke  8623,  N.  531.84,  S.  150.67,  RP.  317.45:— d.  9491  W2,  N.  452.53, 
S.  243.59,  RP.  303.85. 


The  Breed  Analysis  of  some  of  the  several  other  bulls  which 
sired  cows  that  made  a  good  record  and  steers  which  fed  economic- 
ally will  be  desirable  for  students  of  heredity: — 

Donald  291,  N.  675,  S.  218.75,  RP.  156.25;  his  dam,  177  A4,  N. 
525,  S.  368.75,  RP.  106.25;  his  son,  Stout  581,  N.  375,  S.  571.87,  RP. 
53.12;  d.  935  U3,  N.  75,  S.  925. 

Stout's  Rinaldo  556,  N.  481.25,  S.  465.62,  RP.  53.12;  d.  1336  19, 
N.587.5,  S.  359.37,  RP.  53.12.  Rinaldo's  gr.-son,  Gordon  1842,,  N. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  67 

477.73,  S.  447.16,  RP.  7509;  d.  3411  Al,  N.  433.59,  S.  536.52  RP.  29.88. 

Didlington  Davyson  2d  657,  N.  592.96,  S.  30.41,  RP.  376.56;  his 
d.,  1448  HI,  N.  621.87,  S.  4062,  RP.  337.5. 

Abbot  2d  2576  (gr.-son  of  Cromwell),  N.  461.93,  S.  224.84,  RP. 
313.21;  d.  473  W3,  N.  400.39,  S.  400.48,  RP.  199.12. 

Paribus  3625,  N.  642.96,  S.  100.97,  RP.  256.05;  d.  4340  L12,  N. 
635.95,  S.  116.79,  RP.  247.26. 

Othello's  gr.-son,  Majiolini  3600,  N.  601.94,  S.  38.08,  RP.  359.95; 
his.  d.,  6518  L9,  N.  785.93,  S.  34.76,  RP.  179.29.  His  son,  Magician 
5021,  N.  630.14,  S.  87.66,  RP.  282.18;  d.  9562  N4,  N.  658.34,  S.  137.24, 
RP.  204.40;  and  his  gr.-son,  Marmion  5674,  N.  555.25,  S.  94.70,  RP. 
350.01;  d.  9833  P3,  N.  508.57,  S.  151.33,  RP.  340.07. 

Emperor  3483,  N.  614.74,  S.  124.57,  RP.  260.66;  his  d.,  3988  N6, 
N.  579.49,  S.  164.0,  RP.  256.49. 

Suffolk  Baronet  583,  N.  193.75,  S.  556.25,  RP.  250;  his  d.,  393 
O5,  N.  100,  S.  800,  RP.  100.  His  g.-gr.-son,  Randolph  1603,  N.  332.42, 
S.  479.78,  RP.  187.79;  d.  3755  U6,  N.  437.5,  S.  500,  RP.  62.5. 

Monk  1573,  N.  548.14,  S.  65.77,  RP.  386.05;  his  dam,  3617  K19, 
N.  550.19,  S.  118.47,  RP.  331.28.  Monk's  son,  Minotaur  2839,  N. 
645.94,  S.  41.47,  RP.  312.55;  his  dam,  3013  N5,  N.  743.75,  S.  17.18, 
RP.  239.06.  Minotaur's  sons,  Starston  Remus  4158  and  Starston 
Romulus  4159  (twins),  N.  567.30,  S.  130.64,  RP.  302.02;  their  d., 
6222  K19,  N.  488.67,  S.  219.81,  RP.  291.50. 

Lord  Kitchener  7316,  N.  864.84,  S.  5.27,  RP.  129.83;  d.  2381  2 
Norf.,  N.  1,000. 

Comely  Roger  3856,  N.  303.45.  S.  553.98,  RP.  142.53;  d.  6258 
VI,  N.  355.21,  S.  446.71,  RP.  198.04. 

Samson  4647,  N.  238.67,  S.  615.33,  RP.  145.97;  d.  8244  2  Suff., 
N.  208.34,  S.  663.02,  RP.  128.63. 


Proctor  Knott  [12092],  N.  490.27,  S.  95.10,  RP.  414.59;  d.  8858 
Ell,  N.  449.99,  S.  129.09,  RP.  420.89.  8858  Ell's  sire,  Hesperus  1394, 
N.  460.93,  S.  59.76,  RP.  479.29:  d.  2342  PI,  N.  446.87,  S.  2577,  RP. 
527.34. 

Select  Man  2049,  N.  536.50,  S.  142.91,  RP.  320.55;  his  d.,  4826 
1  Norf.,  N.  621.87,  S.  279.29,  RP.  98.82;  his  son,  Morgan  5724,  N. 
592.56,  S.  170.64,  RP.  236.76;  d.  8063  K23,  N.  563.27,  S.  214.74,  RP. 
221.96;  Rufus'  gr.-son,  Francillo  669,  gr.-sire  of  8063— K23,  N.  590.62, 
S.  44.52,  RP.  364.84;  d.  1506  A9,  N.  750,  S.  71.87,  RP.  178.12.  Fran- 
cillo's  gr.-son,  Minnesota  Chief  2430,  N.  326.55,  S.  416.59,  RP.  256.83; 
d.  3008  V2,  N.  231.24,  S.  503.12,  RP.  265.62. 

Cresco  David  [13445],  N.  501.29,  S.  177.63,  RP.  321.03.  His  d. 
[18104]  T4,  N.  449.88,  S.  211.35,  RP.  338.74. 

Nailer  7396,  N.  564.69,  S.  156.30,  RP.  278.96:  d.  11904  1  Norf., 
N.  627.63,  S.  194.11,  RP.  178.19.  His  Dafter  [15871]  N.  486.79,  S. 
284.81,  RP.  228.34;  d.  [23509]  B7,  N.  408.90,  S.  413.33,  RP.  177.72. 


The  following  are  later  records  of  gain  in  weight  by  a  second 
year  of  feeding:  Steer  2,180  lb.,  gain  536  lb.,  32.59  per  cent;  31  m.  steer, 
2,251  lb.,  gain  489  lb.,  45.70  per  cent;  33  m.  steer,  1536  lb.,  gain  480  lb., 
43.01  per  cent;  31%  m.  steer,  1,694  lb.,  gain  601  lb.,  53.78  per  cent;  35 
m.,  9  d.  steer,  2,484  lb.;  30  m.  steer,  1,632  lb.,  gain  434  lb.,  36.22  per 
cent;  steer  1824  lb.,  gain  388  lb.,  27  per  cent;  steer  1,662  lb.,  gain 
458  lb.,  38.36  per  cent;  35  m.  steer,  1,683  lb.,  gain  340  lb.,  26.2  per 
cent;  21%  m.  steer,  1,344  lb.;  35  m.  4  d.  steer,  1,732  lb.,  gain  390  lb., 


68  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

28.31  per  cent;  35  m.  2d.,  1,807  lb.,  gain  492  lb.,  37.41  per  cent;  33% 
m.  steer  (d.  19438  7  Suff.  by  Red  Lord  5820),  1,791  lb.,  gain  464  lb., 
34.95  per  cent;  34  m.  2  d.  steer  (cup  winner  London  Show,  d.  19669 
HI),  1,842  lb.,  gain  499  lb.,  37  per  cent;  31  %  m.  steer  (d.  21088 
Charming  Davy  6th— HI),  1,805  lb.,  365  lb.,  25.35  per  cent;  31% 
m.  steer  (d.  21096  Charming  Davy  8th— HI),  1,664  lb.,  gain  448  lb., 
36.18  per  cent;  31%  m.  steer  (d.  21167  Fedora— P3),  1,492  lb.,  gain 
362  lb.,  32  per  cent;  34  m.  steer  (d.  22219  Perfume— PI),  1,736  lb., 
gain  364  lb.,  26.53  per  cent;  34%  m.  steer  (d.  21610  Crackle— Ol) 
1,620  lb.,  gain  366  lb.,  29.18  per  cent;  35  m.  steer  (d.  21971  Ashlyns 
Polly— Ell),  1,736  lb.,  gain  504  lb.,  40.9  per  cent;  34%  m.  steer 
(20473  Pansy— PI),  1,856  lb.,  gain  432  lb.,  40  per  cent;  30V2  m.  steer 
(winner  Norwich  special,  d.  19975  Pretty  Flower  3d — 7  Suff.),  1,517 
lb.,  gain  513  lb.,  50  per  cent;  34%  m.  steer  (d.  21525  Ashmoor 
Belle— W3),  1,496  lb.,  gain  412  lb.,  gain  38  per  cent. 

A  few  records  of  weights  of  heifers  at  Christmas  Shows  from 
1910  may  also  be  quoted: — 34%  m.  heifer  (cup  winner  in  1910  d. 
19976 — 7  Suff.),  1,752  lb;  28%  m.  (d.  20130  7  Suff.,  both  heifers  by 
Red  Lord  3820),  1,763  lb.;  32%  m.  (d.  19218  V9),  1,637  lb.;  34%  m., 
1,518  lb.;  32  m.,  1,644  lb.;  22%  m.  (d.  20444  T18)  1,257  lb.;  33m. 
(d;  1928  V9),  1,574  lb.;  33m.  (d.  21138  HI),  1,495  lb.;  28%  m.  (d. 
21891  W3),  1,736  lb);  31  m.  (d.  22188  W3),  1,610  lb.;  33%  m.  (d. 
22904  A4),  1,736  lb.;  34%  m.  (d.  22901  A4),  1,406  lb.;  33%  m.  (d. 
19334  2  Norf.),  1,272  lb.. 

It  is  worth  noting  that  since  the  1909  Norwich  Show,  when  there 
were  12  young  steers  competing  averaging  1,231  lb.,  the  entries  have 
been  much  fewer.  This  circumstance  strengthens  the  statement  made 
to  me  before  that  year  that  purveyors  in  the  London  area  and  in 
other  populous  centers  had  intimated  to  breeders  of  the  Red  Polled 
their  wish  to  secure  the  fatted  young  stock  regularly,  by  letter,  or, 
if  so  desired,  by  sending  an  agent  to  buy. 


In  slaughter  tests  at  the  Chicago  International  Exposition  dur- 
ing seven  years:  Of  2-yr.-old  steers,  Red  Polled  have  recorded,  year 
by  year:  1,960  lb.,  dressed  weight  1,165  lb.  percentage  59.3,  fat  17 
lb.;  1,660  lb.,  1,148  lb.,  69.2  per  cent,  57  lb.;  1,632  lb.,  1,087  lb.,  66.6 
per  cent;  1,510  lb.,  974  lb.,  64.5  per  cent;  1,550  lb.,  1,065  lb.,  68.71 
per  cent;  price  per  lb.  10%c.;  1,545  lb.,  1,002  lb.,  64.85  per  cent;  10V2c. 
per  lb.  (Both  these  steers  were  sired  by  Nailer  7396.  Breed  Analy- 
sis: N.  564.69,  S.  156.30,  RP.  278.96).  1,610  lb.,  1,050  lb.,  65.2  per  cent, 
11  %c.  per  lb.;  1,624  lb.,  i;071  lb.,  65.9  per  cent,  lie  per  lb.  1,576  lb., 
1,013  lb.,  64.21  per  cent,  lie  per  lb.  1,576  lb.,  1,013  lb.,  64.21  per 
cent,  9%c.  per  lb.  1,280  lb.,  840  lb.,  65.6  per  cent,  12c.  per  lb.;  34  m. 
heifer,  1,370  lb.,  887  lb.,  64.7  per  cent,  lie.  per  lb.  1,510  lb.,  934  lb., 
61.85  per  cent,  14c  per  lb.;  1,576  lb.,  958  lb.,  61.41  per  cent,  13c 
per  lb.  For  comparative  purposes  the  highest  results  of  Shorthorns 
are  noted:  1,360  lb.,  796  lb.,  58.5  per  cent;  1,465  lb.,  1,002  lb.,  68.39 
per  cent,  9%c.  per  lb.;  1,404  lb.,  889  lb.,  6361  per  cent,  9%c.  per  lb.; 
1,254  lb.,  787  lb.,  62.76  per  cent,  lie.  per  lb.  Of  yearling  Red  Polled: 
1,430  lb.,  945  lb.,  66.8  per  cent,  48  lb.  fat;  1,350  lb.,  874  lb.,  64.7  per 
cent,  34  lb.  fat;  1,324  lb.,  833  lb.,  62.9  per  cent — this  and  the  next 
steer  were  also  sired  by  Nailer — 1,280  lb.,  827  lb.,  64.78  per  cent. 

THE  PURVEYORS 

From  the  foundation  of  the  Suffolk  Fat  Cattle  Club  Messrs. 
Robert  Bond  and  Sons — members  of  which  firm  have  undertaken  the 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  69 

secretarial  duties — have,  on  the  second  day  of  the  December  Show, 
offered  much  of  the  stock  for  sale  by  public  auction.  A  condition 
of  the  sale  for  more  than  25  years  has  required  the  purchaser  to  re- 
port to  the  secretary  the  weight  of  the  dressed  carcase,  and  with 
this  detail  available  there  has  accumulated  in  the  annual  reports 
much  valuable  material  expressive  of  the  butchers'  point  of  view. 
The  following  notes  give  the  highest  prices  per  stone  of  14  Ib.  of 
dressed  carcase: 

1906  Sale:  Red  Polled  15  m.  steer,  live  weight  1,255  Ib.,  carcase 
746  Ib.,  53.78  per  cent,  9-  per  st.;  23  m.,  1,430  Ib.,  822  Ib.,  56.86  per 
cent,  9-10 V2  per  st.  Shorthorn,  20  m.,  1,164  Ib.,  696  Ib.,  59.79  per 
cent,  9-10%  per  st.;  prize  pair,  1,428  Ib.,  878  Ib.,  61.48  per  cent,  9- 
6%  per  st.,  and  1,357  Ib.,  826  Ib.,  60.86  per  cent,  9-5%  per  st.;  33  m., 
1,748  Ib.,  1,132  Ib.,  64.75  per  cent  8-7%  per  st.  Scot,  1,434  Ib.,  906 
Ib.,  62.74  per  cent,  9-3^4  per  st.;  22m.,  1,240  Ib.,  806  Ib.,  64.36  per 
cent,  9-2%  per  st.  Cross-bred,  14%  m.,  1,072  Ib.,  650  Ib.,  60.63  per 
cent,  10-1%  per  st.  35  m.  Angus-Shorthorn,  1,690  Ib.,  1,042  Ib., 
65.29  per  cent,  9-3  per  st. 

1908  Sale:  Red  Polled  21  m..  heifer,  1,161  Ib.,  906  Ib.,  58.82  per 
cent,  10-2%  per  st.;  23  m.  17  d.  heifer,  1,265  Ib.,  738  Ib.,  58.33  per 
cent,  10-2%  per  st.;  23%  m.  steer,  1,334  Ib.,  790  Ib.,  59.62  per  cent, 
10-1  per  st.;  13  head  sold — lowest  price  per  st.,  8-8.  Shorthorn,  23 
m.  steer,  1,524  Ib.,  939  Ib.,  61.61  per  cent,  9-10  per  st.;  24%  m.,  1,624 
Ib.,  981  Ib.,  60.40  per  cent,  9-3%  per  st.;  31  m.,  1,629  Ib.,  57.94  per 
cent,  9-5%  per  st.;  14  head  sold — lowest  price  per  st.,  8-1%.  Short- 
horn-Angus, 21  m.,  4  d.,  heifer,  1,215  Ib.,  790  Ib.,  65.02  per  cent, 
9-8%  per  st.;  35  m.  blue  grey  heifer,  1,652  Ib.,  1,116  Ib.,  71.81  per 
cent,  7-7%  per  st. 

At  the  1909  sale  there  were  10  Red  Polled,  a  steer  and  3  heifers 
from  registered  stock.  The  22m.  heifer  weighed  1,620  Ib.,  carcase 
572  Ib.,  64.33  per  cent,  10-1%  per  st.  The  other  heifers:  30%  m., 
1,342  Ib.,  868  Ib.,  64.20  per  cent,  9-6%  per  st.;  38  m.,  1,605  Ib.,  1,076 
Ib.,  67.04  per  cent,  8-7  per  stone.  The  steer,  35  m.,  1,792  Ib.,  1,138 
Ib.,  64.06  per  cent,  9-4%  per  st.  Another  steer,  "under  2  yrs.,"  1,076 
Ib.,  642  Ib.,  59.66  per  cent,  10-0%  per  st.  Lowest  price  of  steers, 
9-0^4.  Of  10  steers  and  2  heifers,  Shorthorn,  22  m.  steer  cup  winner, 
1,220  Ib.,  786  Ib.,  64.42  per  cent,  10-3%  per  st.  Two  others  same  age 
realized  respectively  10-7%  and  9-11  %,  while  two  16  m.  old  made  10- 
and  9-5%.  Of  the  34  m.  heifers,  one  had  a  percentage  64.15,  and 
realized  8-6%  per  st.,  the  other  64.70,  and  realized  8-4%.  Two 
"Black  Polled  Scot"  steers  were  sold:  35%  m.,  1,788  Ib.,  1,081  Ib., 
60.45  per  cent,  10-8%  per  st.;  the  other,  39  m.,  1,548  Ib.,  944  Ib., 
60.90  per  cent,  10-4%  per  st.  Three  Aberdeen- Angus,  weighing  from 
1,549  Ib.  to  1,576  Ib.,  carcase  1,032  Ib.  to  1,016  Ib.,  realized  from 
8-11%  to  8-8  per  st.  A  Hereford  20  m.  heifer  gave  65.05  per  cent, 
and  realized  9-9  per  stone.  From  10-2%  to  9-10%  were  the  price  per 
st.  realized  by  young  blue  greys. 

In  1910  Red  Polled  realized  from  9-10%  to  7-10^4  per  st.  Short- 
horns from  9-8  to  7-7%  per  st.  Black  Polled  8-9%  and  8-4%  per  st., 
by  3-yr.-old  steers.  Angus- Shorthorn  steers,  26  m.,  10-0%  and  9-8 
per  stone. 

At  the  1912  sale  all  the  12  Red  Polled  were  from  registered 
stock.  18%  m.  steer,  1,034  Ib.,  616  Ib.,  59.45  per  cent,  11-1%  per 
St.;  18%  m.,  60.43  per  cent,  10-7%  per  st.;  22%  m.,  58.78  per  cent, 
10-10 &  per  st.;  22%  m.,  62.77  per  cent.  10-2%  per  st.;  lowest  price 
given,  for  a  30%  m.  steer,  64.62  per  cent,  8-7%  per  st.  Three  heif- 
ers' percentages,  ranging  from  68.15  to  58.63,  realized  from  9-7  by 


70  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

a  19-m.  old,  to  8-6%  by  a  32  m.  old.  Only  4  Shorthorn  sold:  highest 
realized  10-0%  per  st.  A  23  m.  Dexter,  10-4%  per  st.  Of  7  Scots, 
a  19%  m.  steer  realized  10-5,  a  36%  m.  heifer  10-  per  st.;  the  others 
from  9-6%  to  9-1%  per  st.  A  19%  m.  cross-bred  heifer  realized 
10-7%  per  st.,  a  20%  m.  steer  10-5%. 

Prices  at  the  1914  sale  ruled  high.  Of  13  Red  Polled,  a  21% 
m.  steer,  which  gave  percentage  63.31,  the  carcase  realized  11-3% 
per  st.,  a  steer  11-6%,  the  remaining  11  from  11-2%  to  10-  per  st. 
Of  6  Shorthorn,  a  21  m.  steer  11-4%  per  st.,  the  others  from  11-0% 
to  9-10.  A  21  m.  Scot,  10-8%,  and  a  18  m.  old,  10-3%,  and  an  older, 
9-8%  per  st.  Cross-breds — blue-grey  polled  and  Angus-Shorthorn, 
from  11-2%  to  9-2%  per  st. 

The  1915  sale  included  11  Red  Polled:  21  m.  27  d.  heifer  cham- 
pion, 1,136  lb.,  710  lb.,  60.50  per  cent,  13-9 V2  per  st.  22  %  m.  steer, 
56.70  per  cent,  13-8%  per  st.;  20%  m.  57.97  per  cent,  13-6%  per  st.; 
15%  m.,  62.60  per  cent,  12-9%  per  st.;  5  12-9%  to  12-1%;  34%  m.,  1,308 
lb.  heifer,  60.81  per  cent,  11-4%.  (All  these  from  registered  stock). 
A  21  m.  1,132  lb.  cross-bred,  59.71  per  cent,  made  the  highest  return, 
14-0%  per  st.,  while  the  35%  m.  1,596  lb.  champion  steer,  65.87  per 
cent,  sold  at  9-8%  per  st.  The  highest  priced  Shorthorn,  20  m., 
1,172  lb.,  60.58  per  cent,  sold  at  13-9%  per  st.  A  35  m.  19  d.  Aberdeen- 
Angus,  62.27  per  cent,  12-4%  per  st.  The  average  of  21  beasts  under 
2-yr.-old  was  12-8  per  st.;  of  11  under  3-yr.,  10-11%. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  71 


PAN-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION,  1901 
BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 


MODEL  DAIRY  SIX  MONTHS'  TEST 

Supplementary  to  the  preceding  essay,  this  and  another  quota- 
tion that  follows  from  an  American  Experiment  Station  Bulletin, 
relate  to  matters  of  particular  interest  to  the  student  of  Farm  Eco- 
nomics. Mention  has  been  made  in  the  essay  of  a  Six  Months'  Test 
of  five  cows  of  each  of  ten  breeds  at  a  Model  Dairy,  which  was  a 
unique  attraction  of  the  Pan-American  Exposition,  held  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  from  May  1st  to  October  31st,  1901.  At  the  Chicago  World's 
Columbian  Exposition,  held  in  1893,  there  was  a  Fifteen  Days'  Cheese 
Test,  in  which  25  of  each  of  the  three  breeds — Jersey,  Guernsey, 
Shorthorn — took  part.  The  summary  gives  the  following  results: — 

25  Jerseys:  Live  weight  gained  327  pounds,  value  $14.72,  milk  12,296.4  pounds, 
cheese  1,451.56  pounds ;  cost  of  food  $98.14,  net  profit  $119.82. 

25  Guernseys:  Weight  gained  480  pounds,  value  $21.63,  milk  10,938.6  pounds, 
cheese  1,130.62  pounds ;  food  $76.25,  net  profit  $88.30. 

25  Shorthorns:  Weight  gained  709  pounds,  value  $31.91,  milk  12,186.9  pounds, 
cheese  1,077.60  pounds ;  food  $99.36,  net  profit  $81.36. 

A  lady  on  the  staff  of  the  Buffalo  Public  Library  kindly  supplied 
Mr.  G.  P.  Grout  with  a  copy  of  Red  Polled  records  at  the  Six  Months' 
Test,  and  Mr.  Rabald,  Acting  Chief  of  the  Dairy  Division,  Department 
of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.,  kindly  sent  him  photo-copies  of 
the  pages  showing  the  details  of  the  several  breeds,  as  re-printed  from 
"Hoard's  Dairyman"  (Vol.  32),  and  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Ani- 
mal Industry  in  1905  as  Bulletin  No.  75.  The  list  as  published  in  the 
"Dairyman"  showed  the  records  as  the  cows  were  placed  "in  order 
of  their  profit  on  estimated  butter."  The  number,  1  to  50,  which  ap- 
peared in  the  list,  precedes  the  name  of  the  cow.  For  the  present 
reprint  the  cows  are  grouped  according  to  their  breed  and  utility, 
with  the  live  weight  at  the  beginning  of  the  test,  weight  gained  or 
lost  during  the  six  months,  and  the  percentage  thereof,  following 
the  name.  The  grouping  is  by  Dual-Purpose  and  by  Dairy  Purpose. 
A  report  was  presented  to  the  Red  Polled  Cattle  Club  of  America 
on  December  4th,  1901,  by  the  Committee  of  Three — Messrs.  J.  W. 
Martin  and  P.  G.  Henderson,  and  the  Secretary,  Mr.  J.  McLain  Smith, 
and  in  a  preceding  page  the  facts  and  figures  relating  to  the  breed 
are  quoted.  It  quoted  the  name,  age,  and  date  of  last  calving — 
which  ranged  from  42  to  70  days — before  the  test  began.  It  also 
stated  that  experienced  men,  furnished  by  the  various  breeders'  as- 
sociations, spent  months  in  making  selections  of  representative  breeds, 
with  the  result  that  the  Ayrshire,  Jerseys,  Holsteins,  Shorthorns,  and 
French  Canadians  ["sent  by  the  Canadian  Government  with  one  gen- 
eral superintendent,  and  with  each  of  its  different  herds  a  general 
manager,  expert  in  compounding  rations,  who  was  appointed  by  the 
several  breed  associations  represented,  as  well  as  an  experienced 
feeder  or  caretaker  with  each  of  the  five  herds"]  were  said  by  com- 


72  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 

petent  authority  to  be  "the  finest  lot  of  cattle  of  these  breeds  ever 
seen  together."  The  report  also  said  "the  feed  of  each  cow  was 
weighed  out  daily  and  charged  at  prices  fixed  by  the  Exposition  au- 
thorities" considerably  higher  than  the  average  farm  value. 

The  milk  of  each  cow  was  weighed  at  each  milking,  three  times 
a  day,  and  credited  to  her.  A  composite  sample  of  the  milk  was  taken, 
and  the  per  cent  of  fat  ascertained  every  Wednesday  by  the  Babcock. 
By  this  percentage,  combined  with  the  average  of  the  lactometer 
reading,  the  total  solids  were  determined. 

A  churning  of  the  milk  from  each  herd  was  made  one  day  each 
week,  and  the  week's  yield  of  churned  butter  determined  therefrom. 
Butter  was  credited  at  25  cents  per  pound  on  a  basis  of  85  per  cent 
butter  fat.  Total  solids  at  9  cents  per  pound. 

The  "Dairyman"  statement  of  results  makes  no  note  of  the  date 
of  calving  other  than  by  a  footnote  on  five  cows:  No.  26  "did  not 
calve  for  two  weeks  after  test  began;"  No.  29  "did  not  calve  till  May 
7th;"  No.  31  and  45  "arrived  18  days  late;"  No.  48,  "last  calf,  Octo- 
ber, 1900."  No.  40,  Tryste,  was  that  cow  of  the  Red  Polled  lot  which 
had  given  birth  to  her  calf  on  February  18th,  1901,  70  days  before 
the  test  began.  Moreover,  she  was  born  on  April  15th,  1888,  at  Whit- 
lingham,  near  Norwich,  and  was  transferred  to  America  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1892,  so  that  she  did  credit  to  her  breed.  It  is  well  to  note, 
when  considering  the  gain  in  weight  of  most  of  the  cows,  the  con- 
clusion from  tests  made  at  the  Minnesota  Experimental  Station  from 
January  1st,  1893,  as  stated  by  Principal  T.  L.  Haecker  in  Bulletin 
No.  67,  dated  April,  1900,  that  "it  requires  as  much  dry  matter  to 
produce  a  pound  of  gain  in  a  cow  while  giving  milk  as  it  does  to  pro- 
duce a  pound  of  butter  fat.  .  .  .  The  chief  factors  that  deter- 
mine the  adaptability  of  a  cow  for  dairy  work  appear  to  be  her  feed- 
ing capacity,  the  proportion  of  her  food  needed  for  body  mainten- 
ance, and  the  disposition  made  of  the  nutrients  available  for  product." 

The  following  are  the  several  results  of  the  Buffalo  Tests: — • 

SHORTHORNS 

15.  Miss  Molly:  1,075  lb.,  gain  134  lb.,  12.465  per  cent,  milk 
6,891.1  lb.,  fat  3.71  p.  c.,  butter  301.17  lb.,  value  75.37  dol.;  food  32.36 
dol.;  net  profit  on  butter  43.01  dol. 

34.  Queen  Bess:  1,105  lb.,  gain  192  lb.,  17.375  p.  c.,  milk  6,547.9 
lb.,  fat  3.57  p.  c.,  butter  275.71  lb.,  value  68.80  dol.;  food  32.49  dol., 
net  profit  36.31  dol. 

35.  Princess  of  Thule:  1,261  lb.,  gain  132  lb.,  10.468  p.  c.,  milk 
5,885.7  lb.,  fat  3.82  p.  c.,  butter  265.70  lb.,  value  66.20  dol.;  food  32.49 
dol.,  net  profit  33.71  dol. 

41.  Rose  3d:  1,105  lb.,  gain  125  lb.,  11.312  p.  c.,  milk  6,192.8 
lb.,  fat  3.31  p.  c.,  butter  253.35  lb.,  value  63.31  dol.;  food  32.37  dol., 
net  profit  30.97  dol. 

44.  Daisy  D.:  1,161  lb.,  gain  219  lb.,  18.863  p.  c.,  milk  6,054.4 
lb.,  fat  3.43  p.  c.,  butter  244.74  lb.,  value  61.18  dol.;  food  32.38  dol., 
net  profit  28.80  dol. 

RED  POLLED 

2.  8025  Mayflower  2d  A12r  1,134  lb.,  gain  66  lb.,  5.812  p.  c., 
milk  6,161.5  lb.,  fat  4.45,  butter  323.15  lb.,  value  80.79  dol.;  food 
28.89  dol.,  net  profit  52.10  dol. 

14.  9011  Susie— U5:  1,187  lb.,  gain  38  lb.,  2,918  p.  c.,  milk 
6,430.1  lb.,  fat  3.8  p.  c.,  butter  287.50  lb.,  value  71.87  dol.;  food  28.07 
dol.,  net  profit  43.80  dol. 

30.     10202   Easter — P3:    834  lb.,    gain  99   lb.,    11.87  p.  c.,  milk 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  73 

•6,058.7  lb.,  fat  3.7  p.  c.,  butter  263.96,  value  65.99  dol.;  food  27.83  dol., 
net  profit  38.16  dol. 

39.  8538  Flora  2d— X3:  1,068  lb.,  gain  102  lb.,  9.55  p.  c.,  milk 
4628.4  lb.,  fat  4.29  p.  c.,  butter  233.55  lb.,  value  58.38  dol.;  food  26.28 
dol.,  net  profit  32.11  dol. 

40.  5169   Tryste— T4:    1,036   lb.,   gain  44   lb.,   4,244   p.   c.,   milk 
5,416.2  lb.,  fat  3.68  p.  c.,  butter  234.97  lb.,  value  58.74  dol.;  food  27.15 
dol.,  net  profit  31.59  dol. 

BROWN  SWISS 

19.  Belle  T.:  1,039,  loss  1  lb.,  milk  5,789.6  lb.,  fat  4.09  p.  c.,  but- 
ter 278.45  lb.,  value  69.01  lb.;  food  28.38  dol.;  net  profit  41.23  dol. 

22.  Eliza:  1,273  lb.,  gain  9  lb.,  .07  p.  c.  milk  6,407.9  lb.,  fat  3.8 
p.  c.,  butter  286.89  lb.,  value  64.30  dol.;  food  31.12  dol.,  net  profit 
40.60  dol. 

32.  Hope  of  Minn:  935  lb.,  gain  83  lb.,  8.87  p.  c.,  milk  6,117.0 
lb.,  fat  3.61  p.  c.,  butter  259.85  lb.,  value  64.53  dol.;  food  26.93  dol., 
net  profit  38.02  dol. 

36.  Lucy  B.:  1,193  lb.,  gain  81  lb.,  10.678  p.  c.,  milk  6,356.2  lb., 
fat  3.45  p.  c.,  butter  258.13  lb.,  value  64.53  dol.;  food  31.01  dol.,  net 
profit  33.52  dol. 

42.  Nicola:   1,208  lb.,  gain  63  lb.,  5.215  p.  c.,  milk  6,220.8  lb., 
fat  3.25  p.  c.,  butter  238.12  lb.,  value  59.63  dol.;  food  29.18  dol.,  net 
profit  30.35  dol. 

JERSEYS 

4.  Primrose  Park's  Pride:  1,019  lb.,  gain  24  lb.,  2,355  p.  c.,  milk 
4,639.4  lb.,  fat  5.64  p.  c.,  butter  308.24  lb.,  value  77.06  dol.;  food  26.81 
dol.,  net  profit  50.25  dol. 

7.  Queen  May:  974  lb.,  gain  42  lb.,  4,312  p.  c.,  milk  5,313.1  lb., 
fat  4.74  p.  c.,  butter  298.51  lb.,  value  71.63  dol.;  food  27.17  dol.,  net 
profit  47.46. 

10.  Gipsy:  1,004  lb.,  loss  7  lb.,  milk  5,790.3  lb.,  fat  4.4  p.  c.  but- 
ter 300.21  lb.,  value  75.05  dol.;  food  30.27  dol.;  net  profit  44.78. 

12.  Mossy  of  H.:  822  lb.,  gain  67  lb.,  8.15  p.  c.,  milk  5,762.4  lb., 
fat  4.27  p.  c.,  butter  290.01  lb.,  value  72.53  dol.;  food  28.01  dol.,  net 
profit  44.49  dol. 

29.  Roxina:  933  lb.,  gain  33  lb.,  3.536  p.  c.,  milk  5,451.9  lb.,  fat 
3.98  p.  c.,  butter  256.01  lb.,  value  64.00  dol.;  food  27.12  dol.,  net  profit 
38.52  dol. 

GUERNSEYS 

1.  Mary  Marshall:  987  lb.,  gain  61  lb.,  6.18  p.  c.  milk  5,611.0  lb., 
fat  5.36  p.  c.,  butter  354.26  lb.,  value  88.56  dol.;  food  29.16  dol.,  net 
profit  59.10  dol. 

3.  Christophon:  1,019  lb.,  gain  24  lb.,  2,348  p.  c.,  milk  6,270.1  lb., 
fat  4.26  p.  c.,  butter  315.01  lb.,  value  77.06  dol.;  food  28.40  dol.,  net 
profit  50.35  dol. 

5.  Procris  of  Paxtang:  839.1  lb.,  gain  1  lb.,  milk  5,992.6  lb.,  fat 
4.43  p.  c.,  butter  313.10  lb.,  value  78.27  dol.;  food  28.78  dol.,  net  profit 
49.49  dol. 

18.  Viga:  1,094  lb.,  gain  76  lb.,  6.9469  p.  c.,  milk  5,020.1  lb., 
fat  4.59,  butter  271.64  lb.,  value  67.91  dol.;  food  26.16  dol.,  net  profit 
41.75  dol. 

43.  Madora:  958  lb.,  gain  30  lb.,  3.111  p.  c.,  milk  4224.8  lb.,  fat 
4.36  p.  c.,  butter  214.87  lb.,  value  53.72  dol.;  food  24.36  dol.,  net  profit 
29.36  dol. 


74  DUAL  PURPOOSE  CATTLE 

AYRSHIRE 

8.  Betsy  1st:   973  lb.,  gain  25  lb.,  2.569  p.  c.,  milk  7,041.5  lb., 
fat  3.59  p.  c.,  butter  298.57  lb.,  value  74.64  dol.;  food  28.57  dol.,  net 
profit  46.07  dol. 

9.  Pearl   of   Woodside:    912   lb.,   gain   80   lb.,   8.711   p.   c.,  milk 
6,730.8  lb.,  fat  3.74  p.  c.,  butter  296.07  lb.,  value  74.02  dol.;  food  28.56 
dol.,  net  profit  45.46  dol. 

10.  Kirsty  Wallace:  966  lb.,  gain  44  lb.,  4.554  p.  c.,  milk  6,469.7 
lb.,  fat  3.83  p.  c.,  butter  292.31  lb.,  value  73.08  dol.;  food  27.74  dol., 
net  profit  45.34  dol. 

17.  Alice  2d:  1,054  lb.,  gain  82  lb.,  10.7779  p.  c.,  milk  6,127.9 
lb.,  fat  3.91  p.  c.,  butter  282.15  lb.,  value  70.54,  dol.;  food  28.29  dol., 
net  profit  42.25  dol. 

28.  Lady  Frolic:  1,105  lb.,  loss  13  lb.,  milk  6^20.3  lb.,  fat  3.40 
p.  c.,  butter  265.51  lb.,  value  66.38  dol.;  food  23.60  dol.,  net  profit 
42.89  dol. 

HOLSTEINS 

6.  Beauty  of  Norval:  1,017  lb.,  gain  64  lb.,  6.293  p.  c.,  milk 
8.140.7  lb.,  fat  3.42  p.  c.,  butter  328.01  lb.,  value  82  dol.,  food  32.65 
dol.,  net  profit  49.35  dol. 

13.  Huldah  Weyne:  989  lb.,  gain  55  lb.,  6,573  p.  c.,  milk  8,010.7 
lb.,  fat  3.23  p.  c.,  butter  305.79  lb.,  value  76.45  dol.;  food  32.40  dol., 
net  profit  44.05  dol. 

20.  Tidy  Abbekirk:   1,008  lb.,  gain  101   lb.,   10.0198  p.  c.,  milk 

7.659.1  lb.,  fat  3.28   p.   c.,  butter  296.00   lb.,  value   71.00  dol.;   food 
32.97  dol.,  net  profit  41.03  dol. 

24.  Inka  Mercedes:  915  lb.,  gain  72  lb.,  7.880  p.  c.,  milk  8,028.3 
lb.,  fat*3.05  p.  c.,  butter  288.34  lb.,  value  72.08  dol.;  food  32.45  dol., 
net  profit  39.63  dol. 

33.  Meg:  1,314  lb.;  gain  99  lb.,  7,534  p.  c.,  milk  7.391.0  lb.,  fat 
3.25  p.  c.,  butter  282.54  lb.,  value  70.71  dol.;  food  34.11  dol.,  net  profit 
36.60  dol. 

FRENCH  CANADIAN 

21.  Denise  Champienne:   720  lb.,  gain  64  lb.,  8.888  p.  c.,  milk 

5.404.2  lb.,   fat  4.03   p.   c.,  butter  256.53   lb.,  value   64.16   dol.;   food 
23.52  dol.,  net  profit  40.64  dol. 

22.  Rouen:  794  lb.,  gain  27  lb.,  3.526  p.  c.,  milk  4.896.1  lb.,  fat 
4.46  p.  c.,  butter  257.20  lb.,  value  64.20  dol.;  food  23.68  dol.,  net  profit 
40.26  dol. 

25.  Liena  Flora:  1,030  lb.,  gain  63  lb.,  8.842  p.  c.,  milk  4,558.0 
lb.,  fat  3.92  p.  c.  butter  252.54  lb.,  value  63.13  dol.;  food  23.72  dol.,  net 
profit  39.41  dol. 

38.  Luna:  760  lb.,  gain  102  lb.,  11.342  p.  c.,  milk  5,048.5  lb.,  fat 
3.79  p.  c.,  butter  225.03  lb.,  value  56.26  dol.;  food  23.52  dol.,  net  profit 
32.74  dol. 

47.  La  Bouchette:  647  lb.,  gain  32  lb.,  4.945  p.  c.,  milk  3,819.6 
lb.,  fat  3.67  p.  c.,  butter  166.38  lb.,  value  41.59  dol.;  food  18.65  dol., 
net  profit  22.94  dol. 

POLLED  JERSEY 

16.  Queen:  648  lb.,  gain  101  lb.,  11.558  p.  c.,  milk  4,010.8  lb., 
fat  5.63  p.  c.,  butter  265.98  lb.,  value  66.19  dol.;  food  23.60  dol.,  net 
profit  42.89  dol. 

26.  Ora:  1,013  lb.,  loss  17  lb.,  milk  4,804.8  lb.,  fat  4.40  p.  c.,  but- 
ter 249.36  lb.,  value  62.34  dol.;  food  23.17  dol.,  net  profit  39.17  dol. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  75 

27.     Pride's   Favourite:    665   lb.,   gain   71   lb.,   10.676   p.   c.,   milk 

4.569.1  lb.,  fat  4.60  p.  c.,  butter  217.71  lb.,  value  61.93  dol.;  food  22.97 
dol.,  net  profit  38.96  dol. 

37.  Phyllis:  799  lb.,  gain  59  lb./ 7.509  p.  c.,  milk  4.430.0  lb.,  fat 
4.38  p.  c.,  butter  228.12  lb.,  value  57.03  dol.;  food  23.83  dol.,  net  profit 
33.20  dol. 

48.  Justine:  647  lb.,  gain  32  lb.,  4.945  p.  c.,  milk  2,465.0  lb.,  fat 
4.31  p.  c.,  butter  124.95  lb.,  value  31.24  dol.;  food  18.65  dol.,  net  profit 
22.94  dol. 

DUTCH  BELTED 

31.     Belle    of  Warwick:    935  lb.,  gain    83   lb.,  8.980  p.   c.,  milk 

5.313.2  lb.,  fat  4.15  p.  c.,  butter  259.80  lb.,  value  64.95  dol.;  food  26.93 
dol.,  net  profit  38.02  dol. 

45.  Madeline:  1,028  lb.,  gain  77  lb.,  7.490  p.  c.,  milk  5,661.0  lb., 
fat  3.23,  butter  215.26  lb.,  value  53.81  dol.;  food  26.66  dol.,  net  profit 
27.15  dol. 

46.  Holland   Creamery:   806   lb.,  gain   90   lb.,   11.166  p.  c.,  milk 

5.287.3  lb.,  fat  3.36  p.  c.,  butter  209.51  lb.,  value  52.38  dol.;  food  27.21 
dol.,  net  profit  24.17  dol. 

49.  Merletta:  918  lb.,  gain  111  lb.,  11.208  p.  c.,  milk  4.715.4  lb., 
fat  3.23  p.  c.,  butter  215.26-  lb.,  value  53.81  dol.;  food  26.66  dol.,  net 
profit  27.15  dol. 

50.  Alberta:   1,147  lb.,  gain  12  lb.,  1.046  p.  c.,  milk  3,916.6  lb., 
fat  3.09  p.  c.,  butter  142.42  lb.,  value  35.60  dol.;  food  24.11  dol.,  net 
profit  11.49  dol. 


•76  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 


VERMONT  EXHAUSTIVE  ANALYSIS 


VARIATIONS  IN  QUANTITY  AND  QUALITY  OF  MILK 

Some  eighteen  years  ago  the  annual  report  of  the  Vermont  Ex- 
periment Station  gave  the  result  of  an  exhaustive  analysis.  A  full 
record  had  been  kept,  at  the  station,  of  the  milk  of  each  cow,  year 
after  year,  and  many  thousand  analyses  were  mde.  A  study  of  the 
records  led  to  the  following  conclusions,  which  were  given  to  the  ag- 
ricultural public  by  an  American  paper,  present  day  folk  having 
recognized  that  farmers'  "guess  work"  must  give  place  to  "facts 
and  figures,"  the  statement  is  now  reprinted  as  part  of  this  essay 
on  milk  inheritance. 

1. — All  cows  shrink  in  quantity  of  milk  as  they  get  further  from 
calving.  If  they  are  farrow,  this  shrinkage  in  quantity  is  accom- 
panied by  almost  no  change  in  quality  even  until  they  go  dry,  pro- 
vided they  are  still  farrow.  If  they  are  in  calf,  the  milk  increases 
in  quality  as  it  decreases  in  quantity.  This  increase  is  slight,  about 
one-twentieth  during  the  first  six  months  afer  calving,  but  becomes 
quite  pronounced  just  before  the  cow  goes  dry. 

2. — Cows  that  calve  in  the  spring  average  giving  more  milk  dur- 
ing the  first  three  months  after  calving  than  those  that  calve  in  the 
fall.  For  the  7th,  8th,  and  9th  month  this  is  reversed.  Fall  cows 
show  smaller  variations  in  the  quantity  of  milk  than  cows  that  calve 
in  the  spring. 

3. — The  milk  of  a  cow  for  the  first  few  days  or  weeks  after 
calving  is  very  variable  in  quality.  On  the  average,  it  is  thinnest 
just  after  calving,  becomes  slightly  richer  during  the  next  two  weeks, 
and  then  holds  almost  uniform  in  quality  for  four  or  five  months. 

4. — Cows  vary  in  the  quality  of  milk  from  one  milking  to  the 
next,  and  from  day  to  day,  the  quality  rising  and  falling  without 
apparent  cause.  Such  changes  are  usually  within  one  per  cent,  of 
fat,  though  one  cow  was  known  to  change  2.68  per  cent  in  two  days. 
The  least  change  of  any  cows  in  the  station  herd  during  an  entire 
period  of  lactation  was  0.33  per  cent  fat,  the  average  change  1.3  per 
-cent.,  and  the  greatest  change  2.78  per  cent.  The  largest  variation 
in  yield  of  butter  was  from  milk  that  required  20  Ibs.  to  make  a  Ib. 
of  butter  to  a  quality  of  milk  which  would  require  but  11.7  Ibs.  It  is 
probably  possible  that  cases  may  occur  of  a  doubling  of  the  richness 
of  the  milk  during  different  times  in  the  same  period  of  lactation. 

5.  Just  after  calving  the  milk  is  poorer  in  fat  and  in  solids  not 
fat  than  just  before  the  cows  goes  dry.  The  average  drop  in  fat 
is  1.13  per  cent.,  the  greatest  change  being  2.35  per  cent.,  the  least 
0.49  per  cent.  The  average  change  in  solids  not  fat  is  a  fall  of  0.47 
per  cent,  with  variations  from  a  decrease  of  1.95  to  an  increase  of 
0.42  per  cent. 

6. — Most  cows  give  the  same  quality  of  milk  year  after  year, 
beginning  with  this  quality  at  the  first  calving.  There  is  no  general 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  77 

tendency  for  the  milk  to  become  either  richer  or  poorer  as  the  cow 
grows  older. 

7. — From  one  calving  to  the  next/  cows  may  be  expected  to  vary 
the  general  quality  of  their  milk  not  much  more  than  a  sixth  of  one 
per  cent  of  fat,  and  scarcely  ever  will  show  a  variation  of  more  than 
a  quarter  of  one  per  cent. 

8. — The  milk  of  a  heifer  tends  to  agree  very  closely  in  the  quality 
to  that  of  her  dam.  The  average  variation  is  a  third  of  one  per  cent 
of  fat. 

9. — The  present  cheap,  rapid  and  easy  methods  of  testing  cows 
leave  no  excuse  for  any  dairyman  not  knowing  the  quality  of  the  milk 
of  each  one  of  his  cows.  If  two  tests  are  made,  each  of  a  mixed  sample 
of  four  days  milk,  one  being  taken  six  weeks  after  the  cow  calves, 
and  the  other  six  months  after  calving,  the  average  of  these  two 
tests  will  agree  almost  exactly  with  the  average  quality  of  the  milk 
given  during  the  entire  milking  period.  There  will  seldom  be  a  dif- 
ference of  as  much  as  a  quarter  of  one  per  cent  of  fat. 

10. — If  it  is  desired  to  know  from  tests  nearer  together  what 
quality  of  milk  a  cow  gives,  very  accurate  results  will  be  obtained 
by  making  two  tests  15  days  apart,  four  months  after  the  cow  calves, 
each  test  being  on  a  sample  of  four  days'  milk.  The  average  of 
these  two  tests  with  one-eighth  of  one  per  cent  of  fat  added  is  sur- 
prisingly near  the  truth  for  the  average  quality  of  the  year's  milk. 

11. — In  the  long  run  just  about  the  same  results  are  obtained 
whether  cows  are  tested  once  a  month  or  twice  a  month. 

12. — Cows  that  have  been  properly  fed  at  the  barn  do  not  shrink 
in  quality  of  milk  when  turned  to  pasture.  They  usually  increase 
both  in  quality  and  quantity. 

13. — Full  feeding  with  grain  at  the  barn  and  while  the  cows  are 
on  pasture  produces  a  much  larger  flow  of  milk  during  April  and 
May,  and  causes  the  flow  to  keep  up  considerably  later  in  the  fall. 

AN  AUSTRALIAN  ANALYSIS 

Some  five  years  ago  the  Victoria  (Australia)  Journal  reported 
from  the  Victorian  Dairy  Supervisor  details  of  the  testing  and  re- 
cording of  a  herd  of  141  cows.  Among  these  were  several  pedigree 
Ayrshire  and  Shorthorn  cattle — "typical  dairy  stock,"  which  came 
through  the  test  of  profitable  milk  production.  The  total  quantity 
of  milk  delivered  at  the  factory  during  the  year  was  769,000  Ib.  The 
supervisor  said  the  average,  5,390  Ib.,  was  "a  very  fair  return."  The 
butter  fat  was  a  fraction  over  4  per  cent,  save  3.3  in  the  month  of 
June.  The  cost  of  grazing  and  handling  a  milking  herd,  allowing 
for  the  cost  of  labor,  was  set  down  at  not  less  than  5  pounds,  10s. 
per  cow  a  year.  Allowing  lOd.  per  Ib.  for  butter  fat  and  Is.  per 
gallon  for  skim  milk,  a  cow  yielding  3,000  Ib.  gave  a  profit  of  12  s. 
6d.;  3,500  Ib.,  1  pound  12s.  lid.;  4,000  Ib.,  2  pounds  13s.  4d.;  4,500 
Ib.,  3  pounds  12s.  9d.;  5,000  Ib.,  4  pounds  14s.  2d.  Thus  much  for 
54  cows.  The  remaining  87  cows  averaged  6,090  Ib.,  and  their  aver- 
age profit,  6  pounds  18s.  9d.,  was  made  up  as  follows: — 21  each  gave 
5,500  Ib.,  29,  6,000  Ib.;  11,  6,500  Ib.;  6,  7,000  Ib.;  7,  7,500  Ib.;  2,  8,000 
Ib.;  1,  9,000  Ib.  "The  performances  of  the  good  cows  overshadow 
those  of  lower  capacity,  but  the  inferior  cows  eat  perhaps  as  much 
and  require  the  same  attention  and  labor  as  those  which  yield  ten. 
times  the  income." 


78  DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE 


ADDENDA  (DECEMBER,  1916) 


THE  BUFFALO  TEST 

The  five  Red  Polled  cows  were,  as  stated  in  the  Essay  (page  23), 
handicapped  in  the  test,  two  being  42  days  in  milk,  two  54  days, 
and  the  13-yr.-old  Tryste — T4,  70  days.  The  original  record  ap- 
pears on  page  90.  I  have  calculated,  by  the  daily  record  of  Davy 
27th — HI  (page  30),  the  probable  return — assuming  that  May  1st 
was  the  seventh  day  after  calving.  The  return  would  probably  have 
been:  Marigold  2d  7,211.5  Ib.  milk,  Susie  7,480.1  lb.,  Easter  6,973.7 
lb.,  Flora  2d  5,543.4  lb.,  Tryste  (then  13-yr.-old)  6,871.2  lb. 

A  THREE-YEAR-OLD  RECORD 

Mr.  Grout,  on  November  29th,  sent  the  Secretary,  for  presentation 
to  the  Red  Polled  Cattle  Club  of  America  at  its  annual  meeting  on 
December  6th,  the  following  statement: — 

"38454  Lady  Golden  has  broke  the  world's  record  for  three-year 
old  cows,  formerly  held  by  Jean  Du  Luth  Beauty  (A.  R.),  having  made 
508 'lb.  butter  fat  up  to  November  29th,  with  20  days  to  finish  her 
year's  work.  (Record  with  first  calf).  She  had  gained  over  a  hun- 
dred pounds  in  live  weight  since  starting  her  record." 

Lady  Golden,  of  the  old  Elmer  L3  Family,  was  born  on  October 
9th,  1912;  live  weight  when  the  test  began,  1,250  lb.  Her  dam 
[29276]  Goldie — L3,  the  year  after  giving  birth  to  Lady  Golden  being 
then  5-yr.-old,  gave  in  the  year  8,248.5  lb.  milk,  fat  304.43  lb.;  and 
in  the  next  year  9,289.1  milk,  fat  360.99,  in  333  days.  In  the  first 
seven  months  of  this  year's  test  she  had  given  365  lb.  fat.  Her  live 
weight,  1,300  lb. 

Ten  of  the  Jean  Du  Luth  Farm  herd  on  November  29th  averaged 
over  600  lb.  (750  lb.  butter — oificial  test — in  one  year. 

1915-16  MILK  RETURNS 

In  the  Longford  Castle  Herd,  under  normal  conditions,  21069 
Brilliantine— Ql,  10,207  lb.  in  332  days;  18179  Mona— W3,  14,068  lb. 
in  329  days  after  her  10th  calf.  After  her  sixth  calf  she  milked  576 
days;  total  yield,  22,500  lb.  Her  grand  total,  from  September  26th, 
1905  (1st  calf),  to  October  21st,  1916,  125,344  lb.  in  3,504  days.  As 
is  shown  on  page  47  she  was  dry  in  the  summer  of  1912  173  days, 
there  being  a  late  effective  service  in  1911.  She  gave  birth  to  her 
llth  calf  a  month  ago. 


DUAL  PURPOSE  CATTLE  79 


INDEX 


Page 

Inheritance   of   Dual    Purpose    Cattle 9 

The  New  Development ' 10 

John  Reeve's  Ideal 11 

The  Material ' 12 

The  Experiment   16 

Hybridisation    16 

The   Groundwork    18 

Milk   Records    19 

Progressive    Milk    Inheritance 20-50 

Developed  Qualities   50 

A  Type  of  Farmers  Cow 54 

Butter  Inheritance    57 

To  Make  the  Most  of  a  Cow 62 

Method  and  Manipulations _.__ 62 

Beef-Making  Inheritance 63 

The  Purveyors   68 

Model  Dairy  Test,  Pan-American  Exposition 71 

Vermont  Exhaustive  Analysis 76 

An   Australian   Analysis 77 

Addenda    .  . . 78 


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